前缘抽吸对水翼水动力及空泡性能的影响（英文）

为了研究船用水翼前缘抽吸设置对其水动力性能及空泡性能的影响,应用数值模拟的方法进行了系统的计算分析。首先,以NACA0012为研究对象,采用两种湍流模型对翼型绕流进行模拟,通过与实验值对比,确定了合理的湍流模型。随后,计算分析了船用水翼添加前缘抽吸作用后,升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比的变化情况,及对失速角的影响,结果表明船用水翼在前缘布置吸口后可以提高失速角,扩大稳定工作攻角范围,提升翼型升阻比,起到增效的作用。最后,计算了NACA0012翼型及在其前缘加吸口水翼的定常与非定常空泡流动的数值模拟,计算结果表明:定常流动时,在翼型前缘加上吸口,可使空泡尺寸减小,改善了水翼的空泡性能;非定常流动时,加上吸口,可使空泡周期变长,空泡变化范围减小,抑制大规模空泡云的脱落,减少对水翼表面的剥蚀作用,降低空泡对水翼性能的影响。     

Eppler方法控制参数对翼剖面性能的影响

利用Eppler方法进行新型抗空泡翼剖面设计。系统研究了剖面设计参数对空泡性能的影响,并探讨了空泡特性与叶剖面参数(最大厚度及厚度分布)之间的关系。研究了控制参数对翼型剖面形状的影响。根据叶剖面设计理论,给出了剖面性能优化的设计方法以及参数的选择标准,并利用该方法设计出新的翼型剖面,并与NACA系列剖面空泡性能进行对比。计算表明,新的翼型剖面具有较好的空泡性能。     

三维水翼片空泡尺度效应研究

针对三维水翼的片空泡尺度效应问题,建立LES湍流模型对三维水翼的片空泡生成情况进行计算研究。模拟了片空泡在一个周期内的生成和脱落过程,空泡计算结果与试验做了详细对比,发现LES湍流模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,能较为完整的显示片空泡的脱落过程。研究了来流速度和模型尺度的变化对片空泡产生的影响,发现速度对初始片空泡数基本无影响,而模型尺度对片空泡的形成和发展有影响,但该影响并不大。在此基础上推导了新的初始片空泡数的尺度效应公式。     

三维水翼片空泡尺度效应研究

针对三维水翼的片空泡尺度效应问题,建立LES湍流模型对三维水翼的片空泡生成情况进行计算研究。模拟了片空泡在一个周期内的生成和脱落过程,空泡计算结果与试验做了详细对比,发现LES湍流模型的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,能较为完整的显示片空泡的脱落过程。研究了来流速度和模型尺度的变化对片空泡产生的影响,发现速度对初始片空泡数基本无影响,而模型尺度对片空泡的形成和发展有影响,但该影响并不大。在此基础上推导了新的初始片空泡数的尺度效应公式。     

波浪滑翔器拍动水翼非稳态下水动力性能计算

波浪滑翔器的水动力性能主要取决于其拍动水翼的设计。在推进效率不变的情况下,采用动网格方法,基于RANS方程与标准的湍流模型,应用ICEM CFD软件和FLUENT软件,分别研究了翼型为NACA0008、NACA0012与NACA0016的拍动水翼的水动力性能,筛选出NACA0012翼型的水动力性能最佳。从工况角度入手,研究了NACA0012翼型拍动水翼的最大转动角度、波浪来流速度、波长及波高对拍动水翼平均推力的影响,定量评估了不同工况下的水动力性能。结果表明:当波浪滑翔器推进效率不变时,在非稳态条件下,翼型为NACA0012的拍动水翼的平均推力较大,水翼的水动力性能较好。     

Analysis of Cavitation Performance of 3-D Hydrofoil based on Panel Method

为了研究三维水翼定常空泡特性,利用低阶面元法结合非线性理论对三维机翼的空泡范围和形状进行了计算分析.根据运动学边界条件和动力学边界条件,采用压力恢复闭合的空泡模型结合面元法分别预报了矩形、椭球型和无限展长三维水翼的空泡性能.由计算结果可知:(1)对于三维矩形水翼在展向各水翼剖面空泡长度和厚度不同,空泡长度从展向中心向水翼两侧逐渐减小.空泡数越小,空泡区域就越大,且水翼面上的空泡体积的变化率愈大.(2)三维椭圆水翼在翼梢处计算出的压力分布有时并不满足空泡面的动力学边界条件,在尾缘处上下表面甚至出现较大压力差,存在压力“跳跃”.(3)无限展长三维水翼中心剖面处空泡厚度和长度分布与相应的二维水翼的空泡厚度分布基本一样.     

基于多目标粒子群算法的翼剖面优化设计

船舶桨舵等装置均有水翼剖面组成,为了得到水动力性能更好的桨舵装置,需要对水翼进行优化设计。基于iSIGHT优化平台,采用粒子群优化算法,以保证水翼剖面升阻比和改善水翼表面压力分布为优化目标,进行多目标水翼优化。通过改变水翼剖面的拱度分布和厚度分布进行优化设计。优化后得到的最优剖面相对于原始剖面,明显增加了剖面的最小压力系数,并适当提高了升阻比,从而提高了水翼剖面的空泡性能和升力性能。因此,验证了利用多目标粒子群算法进行翼型优化设计的可行性。     

涂层对空化流动特性影响的实验研究

利用实验的方法研究了涂层对绕水翼空化流动特性的影响。分别针对喷涂环氧涂层和氟碳涂层的 Clark-Y 型水翼,采用高速摄像装置观察了不同空化阶段的空化流动形态。研究结果表明：（1）在初生空化阶段,当σ=1.82时,沿环氧涂层水翼表面展向排列着初生空泡,而氟碳涂层水翼还处于无空化状态,说明相对于环氧涂层,氟碳涂层对空化现象的产生有一定的抑制作用,氟碳涂层水翼初生空化数为1.50;（2）在片状附着型阶段,当σ小于1.63时,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化先于氟碳涂层水翼发展至片状空化,绕水翼空化流动产生大量分散空泡,沿水翼表面向后运动过程中逐渐长大,在高压区溃灭后形成小空泡并以马蹄涡形式继续运动。同一空化数下,绕环氧涂层水翼空化流动的空泡长度大于氟碳涂层水翼。但随空化数降低,两者空泡长度逐渐接近,说明环氧涂层在片状空化阶段对空化的抑制作用逐渐增强;（3）σ=0.87时空化发展至云状空化阶段,空化流动伴随周期性的云状空泡的脱落,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化流动周期及无量纲空化面积均小于氟碳涂层水翼,说明涂层对空化的非定常变化也有一定的抑制作用,且环氧涂层强于氟碳涂层。     

超空泡流理论的应用(英文)

对于二元定常超空泡流可以化成Rieman-Hilbert混合边值问题用奇异积分方程的方法来求解。对三元空泡流问题由于速度图映射法不能应用,只能求助于数值解。 与高速水翼和超空泡螺旋桨的设计有关的水翼剖面超空泡绕流问题属于小扰动问题,作者在1964年和1966年已求得解答。在螺旋桨设计中应用二元超空泡水翼理论,尚需考虑翼栅效应。作者介绍了应用动量理论求解超空泡翼栅流。 在换算实验结果与理论计算时必须注意筒壁对空泡流的影响。作者列出其估算式。 近年来对空泡流问题获得相当大的进展,现有的二元及准二元自由流线理论可以成功地用来设计定常运行下的超空泡翼型、螺旋桨及水泵。但对于非定常超空泡流尚须进一步研究。     

基于主动射流方法的椭圆水翼梢涡空化抑制研究北大核心CSCD

[目的]梢涡空化会产生压力波动和流动噪声,预测梢涡空化的初生和发展过程,了解其作用机理并加以抑制是船舶螺旋桨与旋转机械亟待解决的问题。[方法]以剖面为NACA 0012翼型的椭圆水翼为研究对象,基于IDDES湍流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型,分别在全湿流和空泡流两种工况下对水翼梢涡及其空化现象进行模拟,分析水翼梢涡及其空化之间的相互作用特性。进一步,通过主动射流方法控制水翼梢涡空化,并对比两种开孔射流方式,即垂向射流和侧向射流的作用效果。[结果]以梢涡体积作为空泡抑制的判断标准,与无射流工况对比,垂向射流工况对空泡的抑制效果可达到8.09%;而在侧向射流工况下,射流对空泡的抑制效果更加明显,达到了10.47%。结果证明两种主动射流方式均可以有效抑制梢涡空化。[结论]通过机理分析发现,垂向射流会影响水翼梢涡入射流的流速及流向,提高梢涡湍动能的耗散项,从而降低水翼的梢涡强度;而在侧向射流工况下,射流则直接作用于梢涡,所携带的能量极大地破坏了水翼的梢涡结构,从而大大降低了梢涡空化现象的产生。     

The effect of finite depth on 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils

The iterative numerical method that has been developed for cavitating hydrofoils and surface piercing bodies moving inside a numerical towing tank is modified and extended to the case of fully submerged, both two- and three-dimensional cavitating hydrofoils in water of finite depth, and the effects of subcritical speed, critical speed and supercritical speed are investigated in detail. The iterative numerical method based on Green’s theorem allows separating the cavitating hydrofoil problem, the free surface problem and finite bottom problem both in two and three dimensions. The cavitating hydrofoil surface, the free surface and the surface of finite bottom are modeled with constant strength dipole and constant strength source panels. While the kinematic boundary condition is applied on the hydrofoil surface, a dynamic condition is applied with a cavity closure condition on the cavity surface. The source strengths on the free surface are expressed in terms of perturbation potential by applying the linearized free surface conditions. No radiation condition is enforced for downstream and transverse boundaries. The source strengths on the bottom surface are zero because of vanishing normal velocity. The method is applied to 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils, and the effect of finite bottom on lift and drag coefficients, cavity number and wave elevation is investigated.     

Hydrodynamic response of a passive shape-adaptive composite hydrofoil

The primary objective of this paper is to present cavitation tunnel tests performed on an optimised shape-adaptive composite hydrofoil and compare the results to other composite hydrofoils. The optimised composite hydrofoil was designed based on prior literature and was manufactured using an optimised ply orientation schedule and a pre-twist. In the same experiment schedule a composite hydrofoil that has a ply orientation that is opposite to the optimised hydrofoil was also tested. In addition to the cavitation tunnel experiments, the paper also presents results predicted from FEA and CFD simulations for the optimised hydrofoil and compares the results from numerical methods to experiments. The results show that the optimised hydrofoil has an improved L/D ratio and a delayed stall phenomenon compared to other hydrofoils. Furthermore, due to the pre-twisted optimised geometry, the hydrofoil does not suffer from loss of lift at low angles of attack. The experimental results demonstrated the importance of characterising the performance of flexible shape-adaptive hydrofoils based on the actual velocity of the flow in addition to the conventional characterisation based on Reynold's number. Additional numerical simulations were performed to investigate the hydrofoils observed load dependant deformation behaviour. These results clearly show that for the same Reynold's number, the hydrofoil can have an appreciably different response if the flow velocity is different.     

基于翼剖面改型的空化抑制

为提高水翼抗空化的性能,对二维翼型的吸力面外形进行适当改造。首先通过数值计算对稳态无空化流场和稳态空化流场进行模拟,计算所得的吸力面压力系数与实验值吻合良好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,采取基于阻碍回射流从而控制空化的思路,在翼型吸力面上设置微小方形凸起,并提出设置拱弧的新方案。通过对原翼型及两种改型的空化流场瞬态模拟,对比了不同时刻各模型气体体积分数云图所反映出的翼面空化程度差异。计算结果验证了阻流体对云状空化的抑制作用,同时表明设置拱弧阻流体的效果比方形阻流体好。     

Numerical simulation of the flow around two-dimensional partially cavitating hydrofoils

In the present study, a new approach is applied to the cavity prediction for two-dimensional （2D） hydrofoils by the potential based boundary element method （BEM）. The boundary element method is treated with the source and doublet distributions on the panel surface and cavity surface by usethe of the Dirichlet type boundary conditions. An iterative solution approach is used to determine the cavity shape on partially cavitating hydrofoils. In the case of a specified cavitation number and cavity length, the iterative solution method proceeds by addition or subtraction of a displacement thickness on the cavity surface of the hydrofoil. The appropriate cavity shape is obtained by the dynamic boundary condition of the cavity surface and the kinematic boundary condition of the whole foil surface including the cavity. For a given cavitation number the cavity length of the 2D hydrofoil is determined according to the minimum error criterion among different cavity lengths, which satisfies the dynamic boundary condition on the cavity surface. The NACA 16006, NACA 16012 and NACA 16015 hydrofoil sections are investigated for two angles of attack. The results are compared with other potential based boundary element codes, the PCPAN and a commercial CFD code （FLUENT）. Consequently, it has been shown that the results obtained from the two dimensional approach are consistent with those obtained from the others.     

水翼部分空化流动二维数值仿真研究（英文）

In the present study, a new approach is applied to the cavity prediction for two-dimensional(2D) hydrofoils by the potential based boundary element method(BEM). The boundary element method is treated with the source and doublet distributions on the panel surface and cavity surface by the use of the Dirichlet type boundary conditions. An iterative solution approach is used to determine the cavity shape on partially cavitating hydrofoils. In the case of a specified cavitation number and cavity length, the iterative solution method proceeds by addition or subtraction of a displacement thickness on the cavity surface of the hydrofoil. The appropriate cavity shape is obtained by the dynamic boundary condition of the cavity surface and the kinematic boundary condition of the whole foil surface including the cavity. For a given cavitation number the cavity length of the 2D hydrofoil is determined according to the minimum error criterion among different cavity lengths, which satisfies the dynamic boundary condition on the cavity surface. The NACA 16006, NACA 16012 and NACA 16015 hydrofoil sections are investigated for two angles of attack. The results are compared with other potential based boundary element codes, the PCPAN and a commercial CFD code(FLUENT). Consequently, it has been shown that the results obtained from the two dimensional approach are consistent with those obtained from the others.     

高速轻型穿浪双体船纵向运动改善措施研究

针对在改善高速轻型穿浪双体船(WPC)迎浪中波长与船长接近时纵向运动幅度较大的缺点,采用了理论计算与模型试验相结合的方法,对250 t级穿浪双体船开展了水翼改善纵向运动的理论和试验研究,分析了水翼形式、尺度和安装位置等对纵向运动的影响规律。数值计算和试验结果的比较表明,计及水翼—船体水动力干扰影响的切片理论可满足WPC加水翼后波浪中纵向运动计算的需要,但在纵向运动响应峰值处数值计算结果偏高。模型试验表明,250 t级WPC加装水翼后,迎浪纵摇和垂荡有义幅值可减少20%～30%。     

复合型高速船阻力性能的改善措施研究

对单体小水线面水翼复合型高速船（HYSWAS），通过计算研究发现，在保持水平水翼和割划水翼组合形式不变的情况下，通过增加水平水翼的展弦比可减小该船型的总阻力，提高该船型的快速性。     

基于混合迭代法的二维水翼空泡性能分析(英文)

In order to study cavitation characteristics of a 2-D hydrofoil, the method that combines nonlinear cavitation model and mixed-iteration is used to predict and analyze the cavitation performance of hydrofoils. The cavitation elements are nonlinearly disposed based on the Green formula and perturbation potential panel method. At the same time, the method that combines cavity shape for fixed cavity length (CSCL) iteration and cavity shape for fixed cavitation number (CSCN) iteration is used to work out the thickness and length of hydrofoil cavitations. Through analysis of calculation results, it can be concluded that the jump of pressure and velocity potentially exist between cavitation end area and non-cavitations area on suction surface when cavitation occurs on hydrofoil. In certain angles of attack, the cavitation number has a negative impact on the length of cavitations. And under the same angle of attack and cavitation number, the bigger the thickness of the hydrofoil, the shorter the cavitations length.     

基于HydroSTAR的水翼五体船耐波性优化研究

为改善五体船在空载及小摇荡时的耐波性,论文通过在五体船主船体和片体之间加装水翼构造水翼五体船,在此基础上借助耐波性通用软件HydroSTAR对不同水翼攻角水翼五体船及原五体船耐波性计算,并对相关耐波性指标进行对比分析,以此研究水翼五体船的攻角优化问题.通过对比研究发现,水翼五体船的纵摇幅值、横摇幅值及垂荡幅值明显低于五体船,且在低频波段NACA4415翼型水翼五体船最优攻角在10°左右.