Automated manufacture of optimised shape-adaptive composite hydrofoils with curvilinear fibre paths for improved bend-twist performance

Composite marine propellers improve hydrodynamic efficiency by inducing bend-twist coupling and allowing for passive pitch changes. One critical limitation, however, is the extent to which a composite propeller blade can deform and cause a pitch change without incurring structural failure. Recent numerical studies showed that curvilinear tows could improve the structural response of a composite blade by lowering its deflection or stress and strain required to induce a pitch change, but no experimental validation has been carried out before. The current study, thus, presents the manufacture of composite sandwich hydrofoils made with steered tows using automated fibre placement and validates the curvilinear tow benefits. Two hydrofoils were optimised with straight and curved fibre path layups, respectively and were manufactured for mechanical testing. The manufacturing complications arising from steering curvilinear tows in a three-dimensional convex mould are also discussed in the paper. The study found that significant tow buckling occurred near the tool cavity edge due to excessive steering radius during manufacture. The follow-up structural cantilevered tests showed that the experimental results were consistent with the FE predictions despite the presence of some manufacturing defects. The experiment agreed that the hydrofoil manufactured with curved tows achieved a similar tip twist but a significant reduction in deflection and critical principal strains compared to the hydrofoil made with straight tows. The use of a foam core reduced the overall weight of the sandwich hydrofoils by about 25% compared to that of a fully-carbon composite hydrofoil, and the numerical analysis showed that the core shear failure induced by transverse shear stresses was unlikely to occur.     

The effect of finite depth on 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils

The iterative numerical method that has been developed for cavitating hydrofoils and surface piercing bodies moving inside a numerical towing tank is modified and extended to the case of fully submerged, both two- and three-dimensional cavitating hydrofoils in water of finite depth, and the effects of subcritical speed, critical speed and supercritical speed are investigated in detail. The iterative numerical method based on Green’s theorem allows separating the cavitating hydrofoil problem, the free surface problem and finite bottom problem both in two and three dimensions. The cavitating hydrofoil surface, the free surface and the surface of finite bottom are modeled with constant strength dipole and constant strength source panels. While the kinematic boundary condition is applied on the hydrofoil surface, a dynamic condition is applied with a cavity closure condition on the cavity surface. The source strengths on the free surface are expressed in terms of perturbation potential by applying the linearized free surface conditions. No radiation condition is enforced for downstream and transverse boundaries. The source strengths on the bottom surface are zero because of vanishing normal velocity. The method is applied to 2D and 3D cavitating hydrofoils, and the effect of finite bottom on lift and drag coefficients, cavity number and wave elevation is investigated.     

局部空泡水翼性能研究

空泡对水翼的水动力特性具有重要的影响,使用数值模拟方法研究空泡特性及其机理有着广泛的工程应用价值。对二维NACA翼型的模拟结果表明,基于势流理论的边界元积分方法适用于局部空泡水翼的性能研究,翼型几何参数变化对空泡长度和升力性能均有显著影响,在水翼设计与使用过程中必须对空泡发生与变化给予充分关注。     

基于混合迭代法的二维水翼空泡性能分析(英文)

In order to study cavitation characteristics of a 2-D hydrofoil, the method that combines nonlinear cavitation model and mixed-iteration is used to predict and analyze the cavitation performance of hydrofoils. The cavitation elements are nonlinearly disposed based on the Green formula and perturbation potential panel method. At the same time, the method that combines cavity shape for fixed cavity length (CSCL) iteration and cavity shape for fixed cavitation number (CSCN) iteration is used to work out the thickness and length of hydrofoil cavitations. Through analysis of calculation results, it can be concluded that the jump of pressure and velocity potentially exist between cavitation end area and non-cavitations area on suction surface when cavitation occurs on hydrofoil. In certain angles of attack, the cavitation number has a negative impact on the length of cavitations. And under the same angle of attack and cavitation number, the bigger the thickness of the hydrofoil, the shorter the cavitations length.     

高速复合水翼双体船的运动预报(英文)

基于2.5D理论,考虑粘性影响,预报了高速复合水翼双体船在规则波中的运动响应,并与试验结果进行了比较.在计算过程中,对复合水翼模型进行了简化,且计算了不同升力浮力比对运动的影响.结果反应出在计算高速双体船和水翼双体复合船型纵向运动性能时,水的粘性影响不可忽略,且计算表明计算值与试验值符合较好,文中提供的方法可提高这类高速水翼双体复合船型的运动预报精度.     

高速轻型穿浪双体船纵向运动改善措施研究

针对在改善高速轻型穿浪双体船(WPC)迎浪中波长与船长接近时纵向运动幅度较大的缺点,采用了理论计算与模型试验相结合的方法,对250 t级穿浪双体船开展了水翼改善纵向运动的理论和试验研究,分析了水翼形式、尺度和安装位置等对纵向运动的影响规律。数值计算和试验结果的比较表明,计及水翼—船体水动力干扰影响的切片理论可满足WPC加水翼后波浪中纵向运动计算的需要,但在纵向运动响应峰值处数值计算结果偏高。模型试验表明,250 t级WPC加装水翼后,迎浪纵摇和垂荡有义幅值可减少20%～30%。     

基于翼剖面改型的空化抑制

为提高水翼抗空化的性能,对二维翼型的吸力面外形进行适当改造。首先通过数值计算对稳态无空化流场和稳态空化流场进行模拟,计算所得的吸力面压力系数与实验值吻合良好,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,采取基于阻碍回射流从而控制空化的思路,在翼型吸力面上设置微小方形凸起,并提出设置拱弧的新方案。通过对原翼型及两种改型的空化流场瞬态模拟,对比了不同时刻各模型气体体积分数云图所反映出的翼面空化程度差异。计算结果验证了阻流体对云状空化的抑制作用,同时表明设置拱弧阻流体的效果比方形阻流体好。     

振动翼推进性能计算及试验研究

采用非定常边界元法基于格林定理构建振动翼计算模型,讨论相关的构建过程、程序结构;采用时变尾涡面和时间步进法在时域中处理振动翼的尾涡存储效应,在尾涡面上应用等压Kutta条件并通过New-ton-Raphson法进行迭代求解,对在无限域中的振动翼水动力特性进行计算和研究;通过数值计算结果与试验数据对比,证实本方法的有效性。     

基于完全耦合算法的绕水翼流固耦合特性研究

基于完全耦合算法对绕二维NACA0009水翼流固耦合特性进行了数值模拟研究。采用Theodorsen模型和Munch模型对刚性和弹性水翼的水弹性响应进行了数值计算,分析了流体与结构的相互作用关系,研究了影响结构水弹性响应和流固耦合特性的因素。研究结果表明:考虑了流体黏性的Munch模型与基于势流理论的Theodorsen模型对气动弹性响应的数值计算结果基本一致,而Theodorsen模型由于没有考虑流体黏性在一定程度上低估了结构的水弹性响应。结构的惯性、阻尼和刚度力矩与流体的相应附加载荷均处于同一数量级,故流体与结构的相互作用不可忽略,尤其对于弹性水翼,流体的惯性、附加阻尼作用增大,流固耦合算法的数值稳定性对流固耦合特性的计算结果影响将更大。外部激励频率为非共振频率时,结构的刚度作用是影响水弹性响应的主要因素,外部激励频率为共振频率时,流体的附加阻尼和附加刚度作用减弱,除结构的刚度作用外,流体与结构的惯性作用对水弹性响应和流固耦合特性的影响也较大。     

解三维水翼绕流的下潜涡环栅格法

在包含于机翼表面内的某次表面及尾涡面上分布法向偶极子,在翼面上满足物面边界条件,建立了解三维机翼绕流的下潜涡环栅格法.考虑到非线性的自由液面边界条件,用下潜涡环栅格法求解水翼绕流问题.通过算例验证了方法的正确性和程序的可靠性.本方法可用于水翼及水下安定翼和各种舵的水动力计算.     

涂层对空化流动特性影响的实验研究

利用实验的方法研究了涂层对绕水翼空化流动特性的影响。分别针对喷涂环氧涂层和氟碳涂层的 Clark-Y 型水翼,采用高速摄像装置观察了不同空化阶段的空化流动形态。研究结果表明：（1）在初生空化阶段,当σ=1.82时,沿环氧涂层水翼表面展向排列着初生空泡,而氟碳涂层水翼还处于无空化状态,说明相对于环氧涂层,氟碳涂层对空化现象的产生有一定的抑制作用,氟碳涂层水翼初生空化数为1.50;（2）在片状附着型阶段,当σ小于1.63时,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化先于氟碳涂层水翼发展至片状空化,绕水翼空化流动产生大量分散空泡,沿水翼表面向后运动过程中逐渐长大,在高压区溃灭后形成小空泡并以马蹄涡形式继续运动。同一空化数下,绕环氧涂层水翼空化流动的空泡长度大于氟碳涂层水翼。但随空化数降低,两者空泡长度逐渐接近,说明环氧涂层在片状空化阶段对空化的抑制作用逐渐增强;（3）σ=0.87时空化发展至云状空化阶段,空化流动伴随周期性的云状空泡的脱落,绕环氧涂层水翼的空化流动周期及无量纲空化面积均小于氟碳涂层水翼,说明涂层对空化的非定常变化也有一定的抑制作用,且环氧涂层强于氟碳涂层。     

Development of a single-handed hydrofoil sailing catamaran

A new, high-speed, recreational dinghy has been developed. It is a catamaran with submerged hydrofoils, which allow the crew to control the trim and heel balances. The two hulls are allowed to rotate about a main beam. The hydrofoils, which are attached below each hull, change the angle of attack independently, and the difference between the lift forces acting on each hydrofoil makes the catamaran stable. The stability of the boat is examined by numerical calculations and one-third scale model tests. Received: September 14, 2000 / Accepted: July 3, 2001     

水翼部分空化流动二维数值仿真研究（英文）

In the present study, a new approach is applied to the cavity prediction for two-dimensional(2D) hydrofoils by the potential based boundary element method(BEM). The boundary element method is treated with the source and doublet distributions on the panel surface and cavity surface by the use of the Dirichlet type boundary conditions. An iterative solution approach is used to determine the cavity shape on partially cavitating hydrofoils. In the case of a specified cavitation number and cavity length, the iterative solution method proceeds by addition or subtraction of a displacement thickness on the cavity surface of the hydrofoil. The appropriate cavity shape is obtained by the dynamic boundary condition of the cavity surface and the kinematic boundary condition of the whole foil surface including the cavity. For a given cavitation number the cavity length of the 2D hydrofoil is determined according to the minimum error criterion among different cavity lengths, which satisfies the dynamic boundary condition on the cavity surface. The NACA 16006, NACA 16012 and NACA 16015 hydrofoil sections are investigated for two angles of attack. The results are compared with other potential based boundary element codes, the PCPAN and a commercial CFD code(FLUENT). Consequently, it has been shown that the results obtained from the two dimensional approach are consistent with those obtained from the others.     

Numerical simulation of the flow around two-dimensional partially cavitating hydrofoils

In the present study, a new approach is applied to the cavity prediction for two-dimensional （2D） hydrofoils by the potential based boundary element method （BEM）. The boundary element method is treated with the source and doublet distributions on the panel surface and cavity surface by usethe of the Dirichlet type boundary conditions. An iterative solution approach is used to determine the cavity shape on partially cavitating hydrofoils. In the case of a specified cavitation number and cavity length, the iterative solution method proceeds by addition or subtraction of a displacement thickness on the cavity surface of the hydrofoil. The appropriate cavity shape is obtained by the dynamic boundary condition of the cavity surface and the kinematic boundary condition of the whole foil surface including the cavity. For a given cavitation number the cavity length of the 2D hydrofoil is determined according to the minimum error criterion among different cavity lengths, which satisfies the dynamic boundary condition on the cavity surface. The NACA 16006, NACA 16012 and NACA 16015 hydrofoil sections are investigated for two angles of attack. The results are compared with other potential based boundary element codes, the PCPAN and a commercial CFD code （FLUENT）. Consequently, it has been shown that the results obtained from the two dimensional approach are consistent with those obtained from the others.     

三维水翼升力线理论(英文)

Prandtl’s lifting line theory was generalized to the lifting problem of a three-dimensional hydrofoil in the presence of a free surface. Similar to the classical lifting theory, the singularity distribution method was utilized to solve two-dimensional lifting problems for the hydrofoil beneath the free surface at the air-water interface, and a lifting line theory was developed to correct three-dimensional effects of the hydrofoil with a large aspect ratio. Differing from the classical lifting theory, the main focus was on finding the three-dimensional Green function of the free surface induced by the steady motion of a system of horseshoe vortices under the free surface. Finally, numerical examples were given to show the relationship between the lift coefficient and submergence Froude numbers for 2-D and 3-D hydrofoils. If the submergence Froude number is small free surface effect will be significant registered as the increase of lift coefficient. The validity of these approaches was examined in comparison with the results calculated by other methods.     

复合型高速船阻力性能的改善措施研究

对单体小水线面水翼复合型高速船（HYSWAS），通过计算研究发现，在保持水平水翼和割划水翼组合形式不变的情况下，通过增加水平水翼的展弦比可减小该船型的总阻力，提高该船型的快速性。     

海流作用下沉管—双驳船沉放系统沉放过程的阻力特性分析

文章通过CFD方法对海流作用下沉管管节与双驳船组成的沉放系统在不同沉放水深时的阻力进行分析,采用RANS方程和SST k-ε湍流模型,利用试验结果验证所用模型和方法的正确性。结合沉放过程三个典型工况,分析90°来流时的流场变化对阻力特性变化产生的影响。结果表明数值结果与试验结果差异较小,驳船和沉管之间的相对位置、沉管沉放深度对流阻力大小影响较大。     

水翼涡激振动的数值模拟研究

对二维水翼结构进行流固耦合运动分析,利用大涡模拟方法计算高雷诺数下水翼绕流场,流场力作用于二自由度刚体上导致周期性的垂荡和转动,龙格库塔法求解刚体水翼的运动方程,位移参数作为下一时间步流场计算的边界条件,具体通过编译自定义函数控制刚体运动和流场网格变化。探讨了初始攻角、刚心位置以及来流速度对水翼振动的影响,发现在来流速度增大至某一数值时水翼发生了颤振现象,并在时域与频域上对颤振的发生机理进行深入探讨。     

振动半圆柱尾流中的二维摆动水翼推进性能研究

文章研究了粘性流场中半圆柱振动产生的旋涡对二维摆动水翼推进性能的影响。利用数值方法计算了振动半圆柱尾流中二维摆动水翼的水动力性能。计算结果表明,半圆柱涡和水翼涡之间存在4种相互作用模式。相反旋向的半圆柱涡和水翼涡相互作用时,摆动水翼的平均推力系数最大。相同旋向的半圆柱涡和水翼首缘涡相互作用并且最终融入到水翼尾缘涡时,摆动水翼能够从半圆柱涡中吸收能量。     

基于HydroSTAR的水翼五体船耐波性优化研究

为改善五体船在空载及小摇荡时的耐波性,论文通过在五体船主船体和片体之间加装水翼构造水翼五体船,在此基础上借助耐波性通用软件HydroSTAR对不同水翼攻角水翼五体船及原五体船耐波性计算,并对相关耐波性指标进行对比分析,以此研究水翼五体船的攻角优化问题.通过对比研究发现,水翼五体船的纵摇幅值、横摇幅值及垂荡幅值明显低于五体船,且在低频波段NACA4415翼型水翼五体船最优攻角在10°左右.