Empirical analysis of short period traffic counts and their efficiency: the case of Indian traffic

Short period traffic counts (SPTCs) are conducted routinely to estimate the annual average daily traffic (AADT) at a particular site. This paper uses Indian traffic volume data to methodically and extensively study the effect of four aspects related to the design of SPTCs. These four aspects are: (i) for how long, (ii) on which days should SPTCs be carried out, (iii) how many times, and (iv) on which months should SPTCs be carried out? The analyses indicate that the best durations for conducting SPTCs are 3 days (starting with a Thursday) and 7 days, for total traffic and truck traffic, respectively. Further, these counts should be repeated twice a year keeping a separation of two months between the counts to obtain good estimates of AADT at minimal cost. An additional outcome of this study has been the determination of seasonal factor values for roads in developing economies, like India.     

动态载荷识别的自适应延迟逆模型方法

为减小载荷识别问题对原系统先验知识的依赖,采用系统的自适应延迟逆模型识别时域载荷。采用自适应算法辨识延迟逆模型,代替了一般识别方法中的系统特性矩阵求逆过程,避免了病态问题。随后将工作状态下的响应作为逆模型的输入,则其输出就是时域载荷的延迟估计。通过对两端简支梁结构进行载荷识别的仿真研究,以及对双层隔振试验台架的试验研究,识别了稳态激励和瞬态激励,验证了该方法的有效性。该方法不需要了解系统的数学模型及参数,因此能够应用于工程实践中。     

船闸闸室结构的船-墙碰撞三维有限元分析

以江苏某重力式船闸闸室结构为例,采用ABAQUS软件建立船舶-闸室结构-土体三维有限元模型,对船舶撞击闸室进行瞬态动力分析,得到不同工况下的撞击力时程曲线和撞击力值等结果。研究结果表明:船舶撞击闸室的法向平均撞击力大小与船舶排水量的12次方、撞击速度的1次方、撞击角度的1次方成线性关系;将软件模拟的船舶法向撞击力数值与依据JTJ 307—2001《船闸水工建筑物设计规范》得到的计算值比较,发现规范公式得到的数值普遍偏小,低估了过闸船舶撞击力的影响。     

网络环境下无人水面艇航向控制器设计

无人水面艇自主航行中受到外部环境干扰及在控制中心-执行器网络通道中存在网络诱导特性(如网络诱导时延、数据丢包等)的影响,会降低系统性能,影响航向控制系统的稳定性.为了能使无人艇按照设定航向快速、稳定地航行,提出一种基于网络的无人艇航向控制策略.首先,建立基于网络的无人艇航向控制系统模型.基于这个模型,运用Lyapunov稳定性理论和凸分析方法导出能使网络环境下无人水面艇航向控制系统渐进稳定的控制律,并设计基于网络的航向控制器.通过仿真验证所提出方法和设计控制器的有效性.     

Forecasting journey time distribution with consideration to abnormal traffic conditions

Travel time is an important index for managers to evaluate the performance of transportation systems and an intuitive measure for travelers to choose routes and departure times. An important part of the literature focuses on predicting instantaneous travel time under recurrent traffic conditions to disseminate traffic information. However, accurate travel time prediction is important for assessing the effects of abnormal traffic conditions and helping travelers make reliable travel decisions under such conditions. This study proposes an online travel time prediction model with emphasis on capturing the effects of anomalies. The model divides a path into short links. A Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) framework is adopted to forecast link travel times based on historical data and real-time measurements. Furthermore, a probabilistic nested delay operator is used to calculate path travel time distributions. To ensure that the algorithm is fast enough for online applications, parallel computation architecture is introduced to overcome the computational burden of the FPCA. Finally, a rolling horizon structure is applied to online travel time prediction. Empirical results for Guangzhou Airport Expressway indicate that the proposed method can capture an abrupt change in traffic state and provide a promising and reliable travel time prediction at both the link and path levels. In the case where the original FPCA is modified for parallelization, accuracy and computational effort are evaluated and compared with those of the sequential algorithm. The proposed algorithm is found to require only a piece rather than a large set of traffic incident records.     

Estimating fuel burn impacts of taxi-out delay with implications for gate-hold benefits

The aviation community is actively investigating initiatives to reduce aircraft fuel consumption from surface operations, as surface management strategies may face fewer implementation barriers compared with en route strategies. One fuel-saving initiative for the air transportation system is the possibility of holding aircraft at the gate, or the spot, until the point at which they can taxi unimpeded to the departure runway. The extent to which gate holding strategies have financial and environmental benefits hinges on the quantity of fuel that is consumed during surface operations. A pilot of an aircraft may execute the taxi procedure on a single engine or utilize different engine thrust rates during taxi because of a delay. In the following study, we use airline fuel consumption data to estimate aircraft taxi fuel consumption rates during the “unimpeded” and “delayed” portions of taxi time. We find that the fuel consumption attributed to a minute of taxi-out delay is less than that attributed to minute of unimpeded taxi time; for some aircraft types, the fuel consumption rate for a minute of taxi delay is half of that for unimpeded taxi. It is therefore not appropriate, even for rough calculations, to apply nominal taxi fuel consumption rates to convert delayed taxi-out time into fuel burn. On average we find that eliminating taxi delay would reduce overall flight fuel consumption by about 1%. When we consider the savings on an airport-by-airport basis, we find that for some airports the potential reduction from reducing taxi delay is as much as 2%.     

砂质海床特性对单桩所受波浪荷载的影响

砂质海床特性极大地影响波浪与海工单桩基础结构的相互作用,而将多孔介质海床简化为刚性、不可渗透固体海床,忽视了多孔介质海床对波浪能量的影响。研究砂质海床孔隙率、介质颗粒平均粒径对单桩所受波浪荷载的影响,设计5种不同海床特性的波浪水槽试验。研究结果表明:在相同波浪条件下,砂质海床结构内部的孔隙流对波浪能量产生衰减作用,随着颗粒直径的增大,波浪能量衰减愈加明显,单桩所受波浪荷载越小。当海床孔隙率较小,海床结构内部水流运动微弱,多孔结构对波浪消能作用不明显。当海床孔隙率进一步增加,海床结构内部水流运动增强,多孔结构对波浪消能作用显著,单桩所受波浪荷载明显减弱。     

一类随机环境下带有随机延滞的时序模型的极限性状

提出了一个随机环境下带有随机延滞的时序模型Xn 1=fZn 1(Xn,…,Xn-Zn 1) εn 1(Zn 1),应用马氏链的随机稳定性理论,讨论了该模型的极限行为,给出了关于{Xn}以几何速率按某种方式收敛的一个充分条件。     

城市快速轨道交通车辆的编组方式与加速特性

从起动加速度、牵引电机功率、最大运行速度和平均站间距的合理选取等方面入手，对最大运行速度为80～160 km ／ h的车辆进行了初步的计算与分析，得出了五类编组形式与15种车型的选型建议，为今后新型车辆的选型提供了具体的数值参考依据。     

优化的无预计算标量乘法算法

标量乘法是椭圆曲线密码的基本运算,也是最耗时的运算,其运算效率直接决定着椭圆曲线密码的性能。本文给出数字集{-1,0,1}上编码简单、具有最小汉明重量、长度最短、平均‘0’间隔长度大的带符号二进制标量表示法,利用直接计算2kQ+P策略,得到高效无预计算标量乘法算法。理论及实例分析表明,所得算法的平均效率比传统NAF方法标量乘法算法高26.1%,能有效提高ECC在存储受限环境的实现效率。