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Reducing traffic volumes and CO2-emissions from freight transport has proven difficult in many countries. Although the increasing suburbanization of warehouses is seen as a relevant land use trend, comprehensive analyses of their impact remain scarce. This study uses real data in modeling transport, costs, environmental and modal effects from warehouse relocations around Oslo and Trondheim (Norway). Results indicate that for Oslo, traffic performance (ton-km), CO2-emissions, and transport costs increase following warehouse suburbanization. For Trondheim, transport performance and CO2-emissions increase less, while transport costs decrease marginally. We conclude that specific case characteristics (geography and trade patterns) are important in determining the strength and direction of effects, and expect that common concomitant developments (warehouse centralization and consolidation) would lead to more pronounced results. Our findings confirm some, but challenge other, findings from the relatively scarcely literature available. Finally, the study's more general insights and observations can help advance similar analyses beyond Norway. 相似文献
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By taking advantage of the user-defined load subroutine (loadud) and the user common subroutine (usercomm) in LS-DYNA, the authors proposed a new coupled approach for simultaneously calculating structural damage and the planar 3DOF ship motions in ship collisions. The coupled procedure aimed at predicting the detailed structural damage together with reasonable global ship motions. This paper extends the method to consider the full 6DOF ship motions; thus, ship collision as well as grounding accidents can be properly handled. This method is particularly useful for design purposes because the detailed ship hull profile is not needed.A traditional ship maneuvering model is used for the in-plane surge, sway and yaw degrees of freedom with a series of nondimensional coefficients determined from experiments. It is assumed that the out-of-plane degrees of freedom are not coupled with the in-plane ship motions, and there is no coupling among roll, pitch and heave motions. The implementation is verified through free decay tests, and the obtained natural periods show good agreement with theoretical results.Several collision and grounding cases are simulated in which a supply vessel crashes into rigid plates with different orientations. The effects of the roll motion, the heave and pitch motions and the full 6DOF motions are studied. The results are compared with those from a 6DOF decoupled method. Ship motions through the proposed method compare reasonably well with SIMO results. It is found that several consecutive impacts may occur in the simulation of one collision case due to the periodic motions. This is not taken into account in the decoupled method, which makes this method unconservative. 相似文献
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为完善悉尼市城市公共交通优先发展政策体系,实现悉尼市“可持续城市交通”愿景,借鉴中国“公交都市”示范项目的指导方针和指标体系,建立了一个基于公共交通绩效水平的评估指标体系,利用中国“公交都市”示范项目数据和悉尼市公共交通运营开放数据,分别计算了各城市的公共交通绩效水平。将悉尼市与中国“公交都市”示范项目试点城市的公共交通发展水平进行了比较研究。结果表明,悉尼市现有交通运输模式为主要依赖小汽车方式出行,虽然悉尼市在促进交通方式转变和新技术应用方面取得了一些进展,但其整体的公共交通服务水平远落后于中国“公交都市”示范项目试点城市。通过借鉴中国城市在“公交都市”示范项目实践中的经验,结合悉尼城市交通发展战略与规划,明确了悉尼市出台“从依赖小汽车出行转变为公共交通优先出行”导向政策的必要性,并提出了多项促进城市公共交通优先发展的政策建议,用以支持悉尼市实现“世界上最宜居城市之一”的发展目标。 相似文献
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分析了电阻点焊原理,对相同的点焊搭接方式,分别采用3种工况进行焊接试验。3种工况分别采用相同焊接参数对搭接接触面涂导电密封胶和不涂导电密封胶的试件进行焊接;优化焊接参数后,对搭接接触面涂导电密封胶的试验件进行焊接。对3种工况下完成的焊接试件进行拉伸力检测试验、金相熔核尺寸检测和缺陷检测试验,对熔核直径、拉伸力、熔核内部缺陷的试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明:导电密封胶对电阻点焊的焊接性能存在影响;通过适当优化焊接参数,可以提高涂导电密封胶试件的焊接性能,焊接质量能够满足产品焊接要求。 相似文献
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海洋平台在作业过程中存在遭受船舶碰撞的潜在危险,一旦事故发生将可能导致结构严重损伤从而影响平台的作业安全,因此在平台结构设计阶段需要考虑其抗撞性能.文章以海洋供应船撞击半潜式钻井平台为研究对象,基于碰撞外部动力学理论和DNV规范计算方法,计及平台艏摇运动响应的影响,提出了一种新的耗散能估算方法-DNV`R解析法.以非线性有限元船-平台碰撞数值仿真结果为参考,将该解析法与规范法、Zhang解析法及Liu解析法计算结果进行对比,研究得出:文中所提出的DNV`R解析法弥补了规范法较为保守且仅适用于对心碰撞场景的不足,计算过程简单、便捷,且计算精度与Zhang解析法和Liu解析法基本接近,能够满足船-平台碰撞耗散能快速估算的精度要求. 相似文献