破解难题 完善机制 做好我国海洋污染应急处置工作

文中重点就目前海洋污染事故存在的风险、交通运输部门针对船舶污染应急体系建设所做的工作、当前海洋污染事故应急瓜机制存在的问题以及对如何完善海洋污染事故应急反应机制等作思索和探讨。     

上海港船舶污染风险分析及防范应对措施

文中对最近13年间在上海港发生的船舶污染事故进行归类分析，指出上海港可能发生船舶污染事故的主要风险源，并针对这些船舶污染风险源，提出防范和应对措施，以期防止上海港船舶污染事故的发生。     

Geochemical controls on distributions and speciation of As and Hg in sediments along the Gaoping (Kaoping) Estuary–Canyon system off southwestern Taiwan

Surface and box-cored sediments were collected along the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Estuary–Canyon system and analyzed for As and Hg contents and speciation, ²¹⁰Pb-based sedimentation rates and various geochemical parameters to elucidate the mechanisms that control natural and anthropogenic inputs of As and Hg from the Gaoping (Kaoping) River (KPR). The contents of As and Hg in surface sediments ranged from 1.84 to 20.7 mg kg^− 1 and from 0.07 to 2.15 mg kg^− 1, respectively, in the estuary and canyon. The concentrations generally decreased from the lower river toward the mixing boundary and then increased toward the estuarine mouth, followed by a slight variation in the canyon. Both As and Hg concentrations correlated strongly with clay, total organic carbon (TOC), Al, Fe and Mn contents in estuarine sediments but not necessary the same cases for canyon surface sediments. The factor analysis of surface sediments shows that the first two factors, which account for 75.6% of the variance, may represent major roles of carriers (clay, Al and Fe–Mn oxides) and TOC in controlling As and Hg distributions, respectively. Accordingly, the spatial patterns of the enrichments of As (1.9–16.2) and Hg (1.8–30.8) with reference to the crust levels follow the individual element's distribution patterns, likely because of deposition variability following inputs from the river. The contents of mobile As and Hg correlated substantially with the contents of both metals that were extracted with 0.1 M HCl. In addition to the major pool in the residual fraction (65–87%), As was relatively abundant in Fe–Mn oxides/hydroxides, whereas Hg was abundant in the organic/sulfide fraction. The deposition and accumulation rates of As and Hg in the canyon clearly decreased as the depth of water increased. The depth distributions of both metals are likely controlled primarily by TOC and Fe–Mn oxides associated factors followed by a contribution from anthropogenic pollution. The metal pollution appears to have increased substantially around 1970, following the economic boom in Taiwan, suggesting that modern sediments in the Gaoping (Kaoping) Canyon were derived from the Gaoping (Kaoping) River (KPR).     

幕后力量──船东互保协会与海难救助制度的发展

随着海难救助制度的发展，如何鼓励救助人积极救助遇难船舶和减少环境污染，已经成为国际海事法中急需解决的问题。船东互保协会作为船东的责任保险人，促进了国际救助公约和劳氏救助合同的不断完善，日益参与到救助活动之中，并扮演着越来越重要的角色。     

界面污染对沥青小梁疲劳性能的影响研究

为研究层间界面的污染情况对沥青铺面整体使用性能所产生的影响，采用由不同类型混合料复合而成的、含有层间界面的复合沥青小梁，进行抗剪强度试验和四点弯曲疲劳试验，以机油污染和黄土污染作为污染源，调整污染量，用于模拟施工过程中可能存在的污染情况，并对其在不同工况下的层间抗剪强度及整体疲劳寿命进行测定。试验结果表明：（1）就各类影响层间抗剪强度因素的敏感性而言，机油污染的敏感性要高于黄土污染；（2）同等试验条件下，随着污染量的增加，复合小梁的疲劳寿命显著减小，一定程度后逐渐趋于稳定；（3）在相同污染量工况下，机油对于层间粘结性能的影响要大于黄土污染对其产生的影响；（4）就弯曲劲度模量损失量而言，当污染量达到一定程度后，复合小梁的层间粘结性就会丧失。     

粤港澳大湾区船舶污染风险分析及防治对策研究

2019年2月18日中共中央、国务院印发了《粤港澳大湾区发展规划纲要》,其中航运清洁发展是重要的内容之一。面对粤港澳大湾区水路运输高速发展的态势,尤其是石油及其制品的运量快速增长,船舶及其有关作业活动对水域环境造成的污染风险越来越大,大湾区内各市均不同程度面临着严峻的船舶污染防治形势。为保障国家、行业以及《规划纲要》关于船舶污染防治措施和要求的落实,本研究对大湾区船舶污染风险进行了分析,梳理了大湾区船舶污染防治现状,并提出了相应的污染防治对策。     

A ‘sustainability window’ of urban form

With global environmental change and the rise of global megacities, environmental and social externalities of urban systems, and especially of urban form, become increasingly prevalent. The question of optimal urban form has been debated and investigated by different disciplines in numerous contexts, including those of transport costs, land consumption and congestion. Here we elucidate theoretically how urban form and the urban transport system systematically modifies sustainability concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, local air pollution and congestion. We illustrate our analytical considerations with empirical analysis. Denser urban form would almost unambiguously mitigate climate change, but it would also lead to undesired effects, such as a higher proportion of urban dwellers affected by air pollution. Our study presents a ‘sustainability window’ by highlighting trade-offs between these sustainability concerns as a function of urban form. Only a combination of transportation policies, infrastructure investments and progressive public finance enables the development of cities that perform well in several sustainability dimensions. We estimate that a residential population density between 50 and 150 persons/ha and a modal share of environmental modes above at least 50% corresponds to the sustainability window of urban form. The parameters of the sustainability window of urban form is subject to policy changes and technological progress.     

The link between economic and environmental performance of the top 10 U.S. ports

Ports currently face increasing demands to address a variety of environmental issues and achieve sustainability objectives. Using insights from the resource-based view of firms, this study examines the link between economic performance (EP) and environmental performance (ENP) of the top 10 U.S. seaports. Geospatial modeling is used to capture pollution incidents that can be geographically dispersed; in addition, both a bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and an undesirable DEA model are used to measure port ENP and EP. Our findings are in general consistent with assertions that positive EP can be attained in conjunction with good environmental practices. Ports’ capabilities of strategic capital investment in physical assets, collaborative interorganizational processes, and performance monitoring are essential, while they pursue both economic and environmental goals simultaneously.     

新时代背景下地方高排放老旧私家车淘汰政策的反思与改革建议

随着我国经济的发展及人民生活水平的日益提高,汽车保有量的迅速攀升也带来了日益严重的汽车尾气排放污染。而作为汽车尾气污染排放控制系统中的重要一环-高排放老旧私家车淘汰政策,也随着排放标准的加速更新换代使得旧车有加速淘汰的趋势,本文基于习近平新时代背景对当前地方高排放老旧私家车淘汰政策的弊端及危害逐一进行了剖析,并创新性地针对前述的种种弊端提出了相应的改革对策研究建议。     

船舶防污染作业等级评定量化研究

文章应用模糊数学评估方法,建立船舶防污染作业等级评定模型,为量化研究船舶防污染作业单位安全状况提供了具体的方法和依据。最后结合辖区实际进行了验证。