Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

Toward using social media to support ridesharing services: challenges and opportunities

Ridesharing has been attracting increasing attention from both academia and industry. One of the challenges posed by the study of ridesharing is to identify the most valuable information for improving the ridesharing decisions taken by participants. Another challenge is to use harvesting techniques to extract specific types of travel-related information. Many methods have been developed by the community in order to solve these issues. However, due to a lack of information sharing between different transit authorities and the difficulty of identifying subjective perceptions of the experience of ridesharing, understanding and evaluating how social media data might support or obstruct goals for mobility, safety and environmental sustainability in ridesharing is a difficult task. In this survey, we first analyze the literature on ridesharing with a focus on the properties and model of service, and introduce a framework to describe the major components required for a ridesharing service. Then, we illustrate the potential value of information extracted from social media and present the rationale for harvesting travel-related data. Finally, we detail some possible directions and different approaches for using social media data, and highlight their assets and drawbacks.     

三孔联体斜交框架立交桥顶进施工方法

菏日铁路复线上的三孔联体框架式立交桥施工工程 ,采用整体顶进二股道的施工方法 ,线路加固用纵挑横抬法 ,并采取了防止线路横移措施 ,缩短了工期 ,圆满地完成了施工任务。     

海浪中船舶运动的可视化技术

介绍了船舶在海浪中运动的可视化技术。给出了可视化设计过程的流程图，并讨论了建立船舶模型的可行方法和三维波浪模型的数学模型，以及如何应用OpenGL函数库来生成船舶在海浪中运动的动画。在讨论可视化技术时，使用了具有平台独立性的OpenGL图形库。     

应用机器视觉技术研制符合技规要求的综合动态检测车

铁路检测设备已经由单项检测发展到多项检测、由静态检测发展到动态检测、由接触式检测发展到非接触式检测，由低速运行状态检测发展到高速运行状态检测。日本的综合检测列车是这种趋势的典型代表，支撑这种发展趋势的核心技术是机器视觉技术。我所承担的铁道部重点课题《非接触式接触线动态检测设备研制》，2005年4月，在福州供电段青州网工区、沙县网工区接触线磨损实测，     

潜艇消磁系统综述

消磁技术是潜艇隐身技术的重要组成部分,本文介绍了潜艇消磁系统的工作原理、特点、分类和控制策略,并剖析了潜艇安装消磁系统的难点.     

Shape Optimization of Elliptical Road Containers Due to Liquid Load in Steady-State Turning

A numerical analysis of liquid load in elliptical road containers undergoing a steady-state turning manoeuvre is presented for containers of unrestricted size and for containers of fixed capacity. The liquid load is expressed in terms of the horizontal and vertical forces and the overturning moment created by these forces around the middle bottom point of the container. The moment is obtained by integrating the liquid free-surface equation and using numerical calculation of the resulting expressions. An optimization study with an objective to minimize the peak overturning moment is performed on containers of fixed capacity to identify the optimal height/width ratio of the container. The results of this investigation being of a general nature, i.e. with no restriction for an application, are particularly intended for road tankers under a steady turning manoeuvre, where they can be applied with high degree of accuracy.     

Transit assignment under crowded conditions

This paper presents a transit assignment algorithm for crowded networks. Both congestion in vehicles and queuing at stations are explicitly taken into account in predicting passenger flows for a fixed pattern of origin-destination trip demands. The overflow effects due to insufficient capacity of transit lines are considered to be concentrated at transit stations, while the in-vehicle congestion effects (or discomforts) are considered to be dependent on in-vehicle passenger volume. Overflow delay at a transit station is dependent on the number of excess passengers required to wait for the next transit car. We use a logit model to determine the split between passengers that chose to wait for the next transit car and passengers that chose to board on the alternative transit lines. The proposed algorithm predicts how passenger will choose their optimal routes under both queuing and crowded conditions.     

我国水路内贸集装箱运输的竞争对手分析和警示

近年来,随着国内沿海、沿江经济的迅速发展以及国家外贸政策的调整,我国国际集装箱运输迅猛发展,为发展我国水路内贸集装箱运输提供了难得的机遇.国内有关航运单位把握时机,在我国水路内贸集装箱运输中采用国际标准箱,开辟全集装箱班轮航线.经过数年的发展,形成了北起大连,南至海口沿海集装箱运输的大通道和以上海为中心沟通沿海和长江的"T"型运输网络,构成了我国水路内贸集装箱运输的新风景和新的经济增长点.     

Active Roll Control for Passenger Cars

The development of a mathematical model of a limited bandwidth hydro-pneumatic suspension that is incorporated into a vehicle handling model is described. The combined model is used to evaluate a suitable control strategy for eliminating body roll during a cornering manoeuvre. The philosophy behind the roll control strategy has been to use feedback measurements of the body motions which do not compromise the ride control. A study of the influence of the position of the body motion feedback transducer on the effectiveness of the system to reduce the body roll is presented. Non-linear modelling of the suspension components for a 0.8g cornering manoeuvre has revealed performance limitations. Conclusions are drawn as to the effectiveness of the control scheme.