Biomechanical properties and modeling of skin with laser influence

This paper studied experimentally and theoretically the biomechanical properties of skin with laser influence. Different types of tensile tests of the porcine skin in vitro were conducted to study effect of the laser, tensile strength, stress-strain relationship, influence of skin’s anisotropy and different regions, repetitive loading and stress-relaxation. A modeling of skin was developed according to the experimental results. The modeling provided insights into the important structure-function relationship in skin tissue with the laser effect. The nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical responses of skin are largely due to varying degree of fiber undulation which is effected by laser and outside forces. By introducing the laser factor into the constitutive modeling, the skin’s biomechanical properties and the mechanism of the skin repair with laser were discussed.     

Control system for low pressure gradient mixer in high performance liquid chromatograph

A control system used in high performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC) was described.The control system adopting low pressure gradient elution was tested with different initial and end volume fractions,and four types of gradient elution curves.The experimental results verified the theoretical analyses of the applied method.This self-designed control system can achieve approving accuracy,repeatability and low cost,which has a bright outlook for domestic applications.     

Nonlinear anisotropic composite biomechanical modeling of human skin

A 3D nonlinear anisotropic composite biomechanical modeling of human skin was developed according to existing biomechanical experimental results, which can provide insights into the important structure-function relationship and parameters in skin tissue. A structural approach determines the macroscopic mechanical response of the skin tissue from its underlying structural components. The collagen fibers were embedded into a block of elastic gel matrix. The constitutive matrix of skin tissue consisted of both of collagen fiber and elastic gel block according to the rule that the collagen fibers were undulated with the ability to resist load only when completely straightened. The nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical responses were largely due to varying degree of fiber undulation. Statistical distributions were used to determine the extent of fiber undulation. The comparison of stress-strain plots between the modeling and experimental results showed the good coordination of the both. Some model parameters were discussed to compute the macroscopic mechanical response when the tissue block was subject to a simple deformation mode.     

In-vitro and in-vivo electrical characteristics of a penetrating microelectrode array for optic nerve electrical stimulation

The Chinese C-Sight team aims to restore vision to blind patients by means of stimulating the optic nerve with a penetrating microelectrode array. A biocompatible, implantable microwire array was developed having four platinum-iridium shafts, each 100 μm in diameter. This penetrating microwire array is described in this paper, including its fabrication techniques and its in-vitro electrical characteristics. Every set of four shafts was spaced 0.4mm from center to center, comprising two short shafts that were 0.3mm long and two that were 0.9mm long. This design was intended to stimulate ganglion cell axons at different depths within the optic nerve. In-vitro electrochemical impedance testing results showed that the impedance at 1 kHz ranged from 8 to 10 kΩ at room temperature. The voltage responses of the arrays to current pulse stimulation indicated a charge-injection capacity of 210 μC/cm². Finally, in-vivo acute animal experiments showed that the amplitude of the electrically evoked potentials (EEPs) measured in primary visual cortex could be as large as 100 μV upon direct stimulation of the optic nerve.