Overview of public transport policy developments in South Africa

In South Africa, a restructuring of the public transport system is currently under way. In the bus industry the tender for contract system is being implemented, the commuter rail sector is being recapitalised and the minibus taxi industry recapitalization programme is in its early stages. Progress with policy implementation across the modes of transport, modal split trends and issues that hamper the full development of the public transport industry are discussed in this paper. Medium to long term policy and strategy initiatives that will further inform the development of the industry are also highlighted in this chapter.     

轻型客车正面碰撞车架吸能结构优化设计

非承载式车身结构的轻型客车发生正面碰撞时,车架是主要变形吸能结构。因此,根据正面碰撞安全法规对某轻型客车的碰撞安全性改进设计中,以车架改进为重点,采用计算机模拟和试验相结合的方法优化设计了车架吸能结构,控制了车架的刚度和变形,为整车通过我国正面碰撞安全法规奠定了坚实的基础。项目进行过程中在国内首次将大规模网络集群并行计算技术应用于汽车领域,同时开创性地进行了车架总成动态冲击试验。改进实践证明,类似结构的车辆可以通过对车架吸能区结构的优化设计,在短时间内以较低的代价显著提高碰撞安全性能。     

The lurch towards formalisation: Lessons from the implementation of BRT in Johannesburg,South Africa

The City of Johannesburg, South Africa, implemented the first phase of its Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system named Rea Vaya between 2009 and 2011. The system design and organisational arrangements drew heavily on precedents from South America, especially insofar as BRT is used as an instrument for securing the transformation and formalisation of a fragmented and problematic informal public transport industry. Despite the inevitable transition problems, the formalisation scheme appears to be generally successful – an outcome that surprised many analysts as it follows a long history of mistrust, resistance, and unsuccessful interventions between government and the minibus taxi industry. The paper offers an analysis of the reasons for the successful transformation of participating taxi operators, by using a life-cycle analogy. We argue that the minibus-taxi industry in South Africa has reached a state of stasis and maturity, with limited opportunities for further growth in its present form. BRT, as it is implemented locally, offers opportunities for re-invention – for moving onto new a potential growth trajectory – by overcoming the binding constraints of informality and by opening up new markets to operators. The life-cycle analysis also offers some insights into critical success factors that, if not met in the long run, could jeopardise the longevity and scalability of the formalisation project. The paper concludes with insights regarding the planning and management of BRT systems to maximise their potential for leveraging the formalisation of informal operators, both in South Africa and in other developing countries.     

微型客车针对正面碰撞法规的系统改进设计

针对我国正面碰撞法规要求,对某微型客车优化改进设计进行了系统的分析研究。详细描述了针对某型客车进行系统优化改进设计的过程,分析了汽车改进设计中的重点、难点及改进措施。实车碰撞试验表明:在不改变汽车外形和主要结构,综合考虑汽车质量和改进成本等诸多约束条件下,通过材料、结构的准静态试验和台车碰撞试验,结合整车及主要零部件碰撞试验,并利用PAM-CRASH/SAFE等数值分析手段,对整车结构和乘员约束系统的改进可使汽车的被动安全性得到显著提高。     

微型客车车身结构正面碰撞特性的数值模拟

研究了某微型客车的有限元建模及数值模拟方法，并对该客车的正面碰撞特性进行了数值模拟分析，最后进行了相应的试验验证。模拟与试验结果吻合较好，表明所采用的数值模拟方法基本正确。该方法可用于该微型客车的开发和改进。     

微型客车车身结构正面碰撞参数化模型的建立

选取某微型客车为研究对象,通过实车正面碰撞试验和计算机仿真分析,建立了用于概念设计阶段的面向微型客车车身结构正面抗撞性设计的参数化模型,阐述了建立模型的建模技术。所建的参数化模型已经通过了有效性验证,而且该模型支持微型客车概念设计阶段的结构正面抗撞性快速方案设计。