In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

On the degradation of performance for traffic networks with oblivious users

We consider the problem of characterizing user equilibria and optimal solutions for routing in a given network. We extend the known models by considering users oblivious to congestion in the following sense: While in the typical user equilibrium setting the users follow a strategy that minimizes their individual cost by taking into account the (dynamic) congestion due to the current routing pattern, an oblivious user ignores congestion altogether; instead, he or she decides his routing on the basis of cheapest routes on a network without any flow whatsoever. These cheapest routes can be, for example, the shortest paths in the network without any flow. This model tries to capture the fact that a certain percentage of travelers base their route simply on the distances they observe on a map, without thinking (or knowing, or caring) about the delays experienced on this route due to their fellow travelers. In this work we study the effect of such users using as the measure of network performance its price of anarchy, i.e., the ratio of the total latency experienced by the users (oblivious or not) at equilibrium over the social optimum.     

A Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy with multiclass network equilibria

This paper extends the work on Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy for general road networks by considering heterogeneous users with different values of time. Mathematical programming models are proposed to find a multiclass Pareto-improving pure road space rationing scheme (MPI-PR) and multiclass hybrid rationing and pricing schemes (MHPI and MHPI-S). A numerical example with a multimodal network is provided for comparing both the efficiency and equity of the three proposed policies. We discover that MHPI-S can achieve the largest reduction in total system delay, MHPI can induce the least spatial inequity and MHPI-S is a progressive policy which is appealing to policy makers. Furthermore, numerical results reveal that different classes of users react differently to the same hybrid policies and multiclass Pareto-improving hybrid schemes yield less delay reduction when compared to their single-class counterparts.     

多优先级多车种动态应急交通网络反流策略研究

危化品爆炸泄漏和火灾爆炸等局部突发事件下,疏散车辆与救援车辆在路网上通行的优先级具有差异性。为研究多优先级多车种动态应急交通网络协调优化问题,本文根据多车种的优先级差异性,松弛路段传输模型,模拟疏散和救援交通在路网上的动态加载过程,引入交叉口冲突转向消除与道路反流约束;考虑到优先通行车辆的反流策略会占用低优先级车辆的道路通行能力,设置救援交通的逆行路段数限制。设计分阶段优化方法求解多优先级多车种动态应急交通网络协调优化的多目标混合整数线性规划模型(MPCDETN-MMILP)。最后,以 NguyenDupuis路网为例,分析优先通行车辆使用的逆行路段数对疏散和救援交通的影响。算例结果表明：救援交通逆行路段数和对救援车辆迅速到达受灾区域的提升存在上限,且这种提升趋势是逐渐变缓的,而对疏散车辆迅速到达安全区域的抑制呈现波动式的增加趋势;救援交通逆行路段数对救援优先的疏散和救援交通运行优化效果有较大协调作用;连接受灾区域和外部救援场站,且可构成最短径路的路段更会被选择为救援交通逆行路段。     

多方式多类型交通分配模型(MMA)在收费型公路网中的应用研究

在对收费型公路运营模式进行研究的基础上,利用交通规划软件建立了基于广义费用的交通流量分配模型即多方式多类型交通分配模型,通过对模型参数的科学标定和网络的合理设置,得到各类车型在特定网络上的流量分配、路段饱和率以及通行费用,并对此模型的应用效果进行分析,最终为区域高速公路网规划、路段交通量预测提供依据。     

新能源汽车购买行为及其环境影响效果研究

为了考量新能源汽车的推广使用对环境的具体影响,对新能源汽车的购买行为和普及率进 行了研究,同时分析新能源汽车在优惠政策条件下在实际路网中的环境影响。首先,对大连市居 民进行了意向问卷调查,建立描述家庭新能源汽车购买行为模型;其次,应用该模型对新能源汽 车在大连市的普及率进行分析;最后,在道路收费优惠政策条件下,考虑新能源汽车的普及率和 出行频率的变化,利用多用户交通平衡分配模型进行实例分析,探索新能源汽车在实际路网中的 排放影响。结果表明,在低普及率情况下,新能源汽车的减排效果并不明显,而在高普及率情况 下,减排效果比较显著。然而,对于交通领域巨大的碳排放体量而言,低普及率带来的碳排放量 下降的累积效应仍是非常可观的。     

A statistical analysis of consumer perceptions towards automated vehicles and their intended adoption

ABSTRACT

While automated vehicle (AV) development continues to progress rapidly, how the public will accept and adopt automated vehicles remains an open question. Using extensive survey data, we apply cluster analysis to better understand consumer perceptions toward potential benefits and concerns related to AVs with regard to factors influencing their AV adoption likelihood. Four market segments are identified – ‘benefits-dominated,’ ‘concerns-dominated,’ ‘uncertain,’ and ‘well-informed.’ A random parameters multinomial logit model is then estimated to identify factors influencing the probability of respondents belonging to one of these four market segments. Among other influences (such as socio-economic and current travel characteristics), it is found that ‘Millennials’ have a higher probability of belonging to the well-informed market segment, ‘Gen-Xers’ with a lower probability to the uncertain market segment, and ‘Baby Boomers’ with a higher probability to the concerns-dominated market (relative to the ‘Great Generation’). We also study the individuals’ expressed likelihood of AV adoption using separate random parameters ordered probit estimations for each of the four market segments. The substantial and statistically significant differences across each AV consumer market segment underscore the potentially large impact that different consumer demographics may have on AV adoption and the need for targeted marketing to achieve better market-penetration outcomes.     

A PARALLEL SWITCH FABRIC BASED ON CROSSBAR

With the increase of link rate, the arbitrator of centralized switch fabric becomes too complicated to implement. A parallel switch fabric based on crossbar, named as PSFBC （Parallel Switch Fabric Based on Crossbar）, has been proposed in this paper. PSFBC is composed of k switches whose rate is 1/k of link, these switches exchange cells in parallel; this increases the arbitrator＇s period and make it easy to implement. Load is evenly distributed to each switch with FCFS （First Come First Serve） rule, it can keep the order of cells in one stream. A multi-class queue scheduling policy is used in PSFBC to ensure the quality of realtime streams. Experiments show that the load on each switch in PSFBC is well balanced, its average delay of cells is little and its performance is very close to centralized switch; and with the increase of number of parallel switches, the loss of PSFBC＇s performance keeps very small, it becomes easier to implement.     

城市道路拥挤收费实施时机确定方法研究

道路拥挤收费问题涉及交通工程、运输经济、决策博弈等多个研究领域,是广受关注的综合性课题。在弹性需求的多类型用户双层规划次优收费模型的基础上,通过研究不同OD下社会净效益的变化情况,提出了确定拥挤收费实施的OD区间范围和最优点的方法,为找到拥挤收费的合理实施时机提供了理论分析手段。结合上海市中心区道路状况数据,进行了实例分析,验证了方法的有效性。     

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突发事件一旦发生,应急物资需求种类是纷繁复杂的,应急物流中的物资需求又是紧迫的、动态变化的. 为了提高应急物流的运作效率,救援管理人员需要对应急物资进行分级. 本文提出一种基于后验概率支持向量机的应急物资分类方法,并在此基础上建立应急物资分类模型. 把物资的重要性、时效性和缺口程度三个因素作为物资需求分级的评价标准,将模糊化后的评价值作为PPSVM的输入,选择后验概率最大所的类别作为测试样本的类别输出来完成整个分类过程,从而得到对应的分级结果. 实验结果表明,PPSVM用于应急物资分类是可行的,能够很好地解决应急物资的分类问题.