辽东湾北部浅水区海冰对航行的影响及对策

辽东湾北部浅水区有许多石油开发区块,由于水浅有冰等因素,使在现有的破冰船和冰区航行技术条件下的航行十分困难。分沿岸冻结区、滩涂堆积区和流冰区等不同区带讨论辽东湾北部海冰存在特征以及海冰对航行的影响,并根据海冰存在特点和海域工程的具体特性提出相应的对策。     

Species of Thaumatomastix (Thaumatomastigidae, Protista incertae sedis) from the Arctic sea ice biota (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland)

The sea ice biota of polar regions contains numerous heterotrophic flagellates very few of which have been properly identified. The whole mount technique for transmission electron microscopy enables the identification of loricate and scaly forms. A survey of Arctic ice samples (North-East Water Polynya, NE Greenland) revealed the presence of ca. 12 taxa belonging to the phagotrophic genus Thaumatomastix (Protista incertae sedis). Species of Thaumatomastix possess siliceous body scales and one naked and one scale-covered flagellum. The presence in both Arctic samples and sea ice material previously examined from the Antarctic indicates that this genus is most likely ubiquitous in polar sea ice and may be an important component in sea ice biota microbial activities.     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.     

车辆转向架前端加装弧形导流槽对转向架积雪结冰情况的影响

通过空气动力学仿真分析和风洞试验,研究车辆转向架前端加装弧形防风雪导流槽对车辆转向架积雪区域空气动力学性能的影响,以及对转向架区域积雪结冰情况的影响。研究发现:在车辆转向架前端安装弧形防风雪导流槽,可以减少气流对转向架区域的直接冲击;可增加底部气体流速,使夹带雪花颗粒的气流快速通过转向架区域;空气流经导流槽发生明显下扬,使原空气流线在进入转向架区域时发生的上扬现象消失;安装弧形导流槽对整个转向架区域的积雪情况有明显改善作用。     

接地面部分溶化条件下冰面轮胎摩擦力的研究

综合运用流体动力润滑理论的能量守恒定律，提出了接地面部分溶化条件下冰面上汽车轮胎的摩擦力或牵引力的理论计算模型。证明了正常工作条件下，接地面上冰产生溶化的可能。对不同制动和驱动条件下轮胎摩擦力进行了计算，取得了同试验数据吻合很好的预测结果。并同已有预测模型进行了比较，比较结果表明：本文依据严格的润滑理论所推导出的冰面轮胎牵引力模型比其它已有理论模型更接近试验结果。     

冰荷载作用下护岸结构数值模拟

季节性冰冻河流春季开江产生的流冰会严重威胁堤防建筑物的安全,开展流冰对结构物的碰撞规律研究十分必要。为此,以松花江汤原县胜利堤护岸结构为例,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,基于结构地质地形,考虑松花江春季江面开化流冰情况,建立计入冰荷载作用下的护岸结构数值分析模型,开展护岸结构在冰排撞击作用下的有限元分析研究,理清结构承载变化规律,为季节性冰冻地区护岸结构的设计及后期维护提供理论参考和技术支持。     

Life cycle assessment of heated apron pavement system operations

Heated pavement systems (HPS) offer an attractive alternative to the cumbersome process of removing ice and snow from airport pavements using traditional snow removal systems. Although snow and ice removing efficiency and economic benefits of HPS have been assessed by previous studies, their environmental impact is not well known. Airport facilities offering public or private services need to evaluate the energy consumption and global warming potential of different types of snow and ice removal systems. Energy usage and emissions from the operations of hydronic heated pavement system using geothermal energy (HHPS-G), hydronic HPS using natural gas furnace (HHPS-NG), electrically heated pavement system (EHPS), and traditional snow and ice removal system (TSRS) are estimated and compared in this study using a hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA). Based on the system models assessed in this study, HPS application in the apron area seems to be a viable option from an energy or environmental perspective to achieve ice/snow free pavement surfaces without using mechanical or chemical methods. TSRS methods typically require more energy and they produce more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to HPS during the operation phase, under the conditions and assumptions considered in this study. Also, HPS operations require less energy and have less GHG emissions during a snow event with a smaller snowfall rate and a larger snow duration.     

考虑冰、浪等复杂载荷工况的半潜式平台应力与运动响应特征

半潜平台在极地深水海域应用广泛,经常面对冰、浪等复杂载荷。本文从应力时程和运动时程两方面分析了半潜平台在波浪载荷,海冰载荷以及冰-浪联合载荷作用下的响应特征。结果表明,虽然海冰载荷的存在具有一定程度的抑波作用,平台的震荡得到缓解,但是冰-浪联合载荷会导致平台关键节点部位所受应力幅值大幅增加,并超过海冰和波浪单独作用产生的应力之和,对半潜平台的结构安全造成较大威胁。因此在研究、设计极地海域半潜平台时应同时考虑冰、浪对平台的影响。     

冰载荷下的船舶运动建模

随着极地航道的开辟以及极地海洋能源开发的需要,海冰与船体的相互作用以及极地船舶航行与作业安全越来越受到关注。本文主要针对破冰过程的几个典型阶段,对冰载荷对船舶的作用力进行了分析与计算,并考察了破冰船在不同的海冰密集度、冰厚以及船舶不同航速情况下的不同影响。