对医疗纠纷中的举证责任倒置原则的分析

在过去的医疗纠纷案件中,因为医学知识的专业性和医方容易掌握相关的证据,往往使患者一方不能得到相应的赔偿,使其利益受到了损失。而在新出台的一系列法规和条例中则采用了举证责任倒置原则,从而使双方的诉讼权利义务相对平衡,达到了诉讼公正,对医疗纠纷案件审判的顺利进行和判决的执行都起到了重要作用。     

Evolving competition between Hong Kong and Shenzhen ports

Shenzhen Port (SZP), once a negligible local port, has risen dramatically to a world-leading container port and an “equal” player with Hong Kong Port (HKP). Will this market share reallocation continue, or will equilibrium be eventually realized for HKP to prosper continuously? We examine the relationship between these two ports to answer this question. We propose a new transformation method to describe the growth of container cargo transport demand, define the quantitative measures of the competition relationship and port competitiveness, and present a rigorous analytical framework with econometric tests and models to understand the true relationship between HKP and SZP. Direct empirical tests suggest that SZP complements HKP; however, the two ports exhibit strong competition when the effect of demand growth is excluded. Considering transshipment separately, we find that the impact of SZP on HKP is negative in transshipment but complementary in direct shipment. We may conclude that HKP does not affect SZP, whereas SZP has competitive power over HKP. These results are consistent with the findings of some previous theoretical studies.     

基于VAR模型的南京市交通量与经济发展关系研究

在对南京市交通量与经济发展指标统计分析的基础上,运用向量自回归模型——VAR模型进行分析,通过采用协整检验模型、Granger因果关系检验模型和脉冲响应函数等分析,得到交通运输与经济发展之间的关系,并给出相应的建议.     

Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships

ABSTRACT

The impacts of air transport on the economy arise both directly, via activity in the aviation sector; and indirectly, via increased spending and wider economic benefits associated with improved access to resources, markets, technology and economic mass. Economic activity, in turn, supports and generates demand for air transport. Despite its potential importance, the reciprocal nature of the causal relationship between air transport and economic performance has remained somewhat understudied. This paper provides a synthesis review of the channels the aviation sector interacts with regional economy. The review focuses on quantitative studies that contribute to the state-of-the-art understandings of the causality. We find that the reciprocal causal relationship is more likely to prevail in less developed economies. For more developed economies, only one direction of the causality is recognised, which runs from air transport to economic growth. Especially substantial is the effect of airline enplanement on service-related employment. The reverse direction of the relationship is, however, not as significant as believed in a causal sense within the developed world. Therefore, cautions need to be taken when applying income elasticities (such as the elasticity of air passenger demand with respect to GDP) in air travel demand forecasting, which implicitly assumes that economic growth causally leads to air traffic increment. Based on the fundamental links between air transport and economic growth, some typical imperfections and inefficiencies in aviation markets are discussed and promising avenues for future research are proposed.     

人力资本与经济增长的实证检验

应用单位根检验和Granger因果关系检验法对我国人力资本与经济增长之间的关系进行了分析,检验了物质资本投资、劳动力投入以及人力资本与国内生产总值之间的关系。经检验,上述四指标的序列满足平稳性的要求,其中人力资本不是引起经济增长的Granger原因,经济增长也不是人力资本增长的Granger原因。这一结果表明,在经济增长的情况下,我国的教育投入增长仍显不足。这也从另一个侧面说明了现阶段影响我国经济增长的主要原因仍是物质资本。     

寡头垄断模式下集装箱运价影响机制实证分析

梳理影响市场运费走势的要素体系,进而构建基于数据分析为基础的理论框 架,然后选择分析几类核心因素与市场运费之间的关系,来探究寡头垄断模式下影响市 场的主要因素与运价指数的数据本身之间的影响机制.研究发现：单位运力年周转率与集 装箱运费指数（China Container Freight Index,CCFI）之间不存在协整关系,GDP、原油价 格与CCFI 之间并无Granger 关系,而闲置运力是影响CCFI 变化的Granger 原因;同时 CCFI与闲置运力各自都存在严格的自相关与溢出效应.     

道路货运量、燃油价格与国民经济的协整分析

为了研究中国道路货运量、燃油价格和国民经济之间的动态规律,是否具有长期稳定均衡关系及道路运输业的发展问题,本文选取我国1978-2007年的实际数据,并利用计量经济学中Econometric Views软件工具对这些数据进行处理和分析. 运用协整分析方法、单位根检验、Granger因果关系和Johansen检验等方法,对我国道路货运量、燃油价格和国民经济之间的关系进行了实证分析并建立了误差修正模型,寻求这三者之间的短期动态波动和长期均衡关系. 分析结果表明：道路货运量、燃油价格和国民经济之间存在协整关系,即它们之间已形成长期稳定均衡关系;道路货运量是国民经济GDP的Granger原因,道路货运量的变化将引起国民经济的同方向变动;燃油价格的变化与道路货运量呈现反方向变动.     

Bayesian network for red-light-running prediction at signalized intersections

Abstract

Red-light-running (RLR) is an important reason for the large number of intersection-related fatalities, injuries, and other losses. The accurate RLR prediction can effectively reduce crashes caused by RLR behavior. The RLR prediction is usually composed of two parts: the vehicle’s stop-or-go behavior and the arrival time when the vehicle reaches the stop line. Previous stop-or-go prediction models are usually based on embedded traffic sensors using machine learning algorithms. While based on the continuous trajectories collected by radar sensors, RLR prediction can be conducted more effectively. In this paper, a probabilistic stop-or-go prediction model based on the Bayesian network (BN) is proposed for RLR prediction. We extend the deterministic output into the probabilistic output, which provides decision-makers with greater autonomy. The causality of BN improves the interpretability of the prediction model. The BN model is calibrated and tested by the continuous trajectories data measured by radar sensors installed at a signalized intersection. We not only consider the movement measurements of individual vehicles (e.g., speed and acceleration), but also take into account the car-following behavior. As a comparison, different machine learning models and the model based on the inductive loop detection (ILD) are adopted. The results show that the proposed BN model has a high prediction accuracy and performs better in the feature interpretation. This paper provides a new way for probabilistic RLR prediction based on continuous trajectories, which will significantly improve traffic safety of signalized intersections.     

我国铁路建设与经济增长的关系

对中国1953—2007年的铁路建设和经济增长的样本数据进行实证分析,通过单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果关系检验主要步骤对数据进行分析。研究结果表明:铁路建设对我国经济增长具有正向的推动作用,并间接提升了工业化水平,但是,经济增长不是铁路建设的直接原因,是因为近年我国经济建设增长大力推动了公路航空等基础设施的发展而对于铁路建设的推动力度不够;铁路作为我国重要的基础设施一部分,铁路的发展速度关系到我国经济建设能否在我国基础设施平台上充分稳定的向前发展,因为滞后的基础设施建设对国民经济建设不利,需要加大基础设施建设投资力度特别是铁路建设以适应经济增长的需要。     

山东省交通运输业与经济增长的实证分析

利用计量理论，以山东省为例对反映交通运输状况和地区经济指标的数据进行了实证分析。结果表明，山东省交通状况与经济增长之间存在着长期稳定关系，货运量是地区GDP的Granger原因，交通运输对经济增长的作用正在增加。最后，根据检验结果提出了相应的政策建议，以使交通运输业更好地为经济发展服务。