乘用车DCT车型的动力性提升分析与实施

为满足公司的发展战略要求,需要打造一款高性能、运动操控性车型,为提升该款乘用车DCT车型的动力性和操控型,分别从车辆的起步、加速过程的扭矩发挥和换挡结束的扭矩恢复、换挡过程的扭矩交替时间和转速同步时间、换挡线加速度和动力升挡换挡线及硬件五个方面进行优化。论文对该车型的起步加速过程以及换挡过程的扭矩控制进行详细分析,并将五个优化方向分解为13个子项,分别对各子项优化效果进行分析,通过INCA软件对车辆的控制系统进行优化,经过实际道路测试满足了目标开发要求。     

任意桥梁截面自由扭转常数计算的快速方法

计算任意截面的自由扭转常数可采用有限元分析方法,位移法有限元计算出的自由扭转常数比理论值偏大且网格剖分尺寸大小明显影响计算速度。本文从弹性理论圣维南自由扭转问题基本假设出发,针对悬臂梁模型采用基于位移的最小势能原理和基于应力的最小余能原理两种方法,推导势能泛函和余能泛函表达式,并求得泛函的极小值从而推导出相应的有限元方程,得到两种计算自由扭转常数公式。根据推导出的有限元方程,采用三角形单元编写程序进行两种截面的计算并与理论值对比。对比结果表明,采用两种方法计算自由扭转常数并取其平均值作为最终结果相较于采用单一位移法计算其精度大幅提高,两种方法互相参考有利于解决计算结果偏大和计算量过大的问题。     

新型零航速矢量减摇系统研究

针对海洋科研平台、科考船等减摇系统的快速响应性工作需求,在螺旋桨推进器基础上开发了一种零航速矢量减摇系统。本文介绍系统机构设计及其工作原理,结合耐波性计算分析获取船舶横摇规律,采用滑台搭载重物往复移动方式,模拟船舶规则横摇以获得规则波实验条件,并通过船模实验验证该减摇装置作用下的船舶横摇减摇效果。零航速规则波模拟实验研究表明,该减摇装置具有可控性强、易改装的特点,能够大幅提高船舶的耐波性,为后续工程试验船舶上安装该减摇系统奠定理论与实验基础。     

新型明桥面轨枕板式无砟轨道结构参数研究

钢桁梁桥由于其承载性能好和跨越能力较强等优点,在大跨度铁路桥梁中被广泛采用。但大跨度钢桁梁桥具有跨中挠度大、梁端转角大和温度变形敏感等特点,为了减小大跨度钢桁梁桥二期恒载、适应桥梁变形特性,在大跨度钢桁梁桥上采用新型明桥面轨枕板式无砟轨道结构。以南沙港铁路某大跨度钢桁梁桥铺设新型明桥面轨枕板式轨道为背景,采用有限元法建立大跨度钢桁梁桥上轨枕板式无砟轨道结构计算模型,研究了轨枕板结构参数对轨道受力与变形的影响,确定轨道结构的合理尺寸与参数。结果表明:轨枕板的外形尺寸直接影响其受力和变形特征;板下垫层的厚度对垫层的受力特性的影响较大;建议南沙港铁路某大跨度钢桁梁桥上采用具有2组承轨台、宽度为2800 mm的轨枕板,轨枕板厚度为280 mm,板下垫层厚度为120 mm。     

基于可靠性方框图与蒙特卡洛仿真的船舶配电网可靠性分析方法

国船舶工业发展迅速,尤其在近几年迎来了跨越式的发展。船舶建设工业的发展能充分体现一个国家的经济和国防建设水平。但船舶配电网拓扑结构与陆上电网不尽相同,其运行环境非常恶劣,供电连续性和可靠性成为衡量船舶生命力的重要指标,同时也深刻影响大型船舶的平均寿命。因此,可靠性研究在船舶建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本研究以典型大型船舶中压配电网结构为研究对象,在全系统元件正常运行时相互独立的情况下,重点研究不可维修与可维修下的系统可靠度、MTBF、可用度、停运时间和失效数等,并进行详细的分析与讨论。首先,本文综合考察各种可靠性分析方法的适用性和准确性,选择利用可靠性框图、最小路集分析法计算并分析不可维修情况下系统的可靠度、平均故障间隔时间等可靠性指标；接着,本文简述了配电网的多种维修任务类型,并采用最小路集法与蒙特卡洛仿真法相结合的方法计算并分析可维修系统的可用度、停电时间、失效数等指标。本文研究结果对船舶配电网的设计、建造、运行和维修等具有积极的意义。     

表面选区强化对钢轨波磨处轮轨滚动接触行为的影响

层流等离子体表面强化技术可大幅提高钢轨表面的硬度和耐磨性。为了揭示强化处理对轮轨滚动接触行为的影响,建立同时考虑钢轨表面选区强化和短波波磨的三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,数值计算了车轮高速滚过一个波磨周期的轮轨力、接触斑黏滑分布和残余应力应变。对比发现:表面选区强化对轮轨力和接触斑黏滑分布的影响较小,不影响钢轨承载性能;对钢轨表面残余应力应变分布的影响明显,残余应力主要集中在屈服强度较高的强化斑内而残余应变主要集中在韧性较好的基体材料上,表面选区强化有效结合了强化斑和基体材料的力学性能,形成了一种强韧的良好匹配。结果可为现场生产服务提供一定的理论指导和应用参考。     

Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

A coupled numerical approach to simulate the effect of earthquake frequency content on seismic behavior of submarine tunnel

Roughly 90% of all natural vibrations have epicenters in offshore zones and may cause destruction of submarine and floating structures. Such excitations can influence the safe performance of facilities set up on the seabed, like tunnels, jacket legs and subsea oil pipelines. Some researches on this theme have been carried out to demonstrate the importance of seaquake analyses and their effects have been underlined. The present study intends to numerically simulate a two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problem in order to examine the dynamic response of submarine tunnel under real horizontal earthquakes. Pressure is considered as independent nodal variables to represent the fluid flow effects and the induced time-dependent acceleration in porous medium equation is incorporated in the analysis and the tunnel shell is considered as flexible. This work highlights the importance of the input ground motion frequency content that governs the development of the induced seismic stress/strain around the lining of the tunnel. The results demonstrate that for deep sea the increment rate of the circumferential stress caused by surface gravity waves is below 7% when compared to the no-wave interface condition. Moreover, it is confirmed that long-period record may amplify the overall response of the system (up to 60%) specially the lateral and vertical displacements, as well as the principal stress to a lesser extent. The developed numerical model can attend to further analysis of tunnels embedded in a half-space in conjunction with fluid undergoing the severe long-period earthquakes.     

兰新高铁甘青段路基冻胀自动监测及分析研究

为查明兰新高铁甘青段路基冻胀变形原因和影响因素,提出相应的冻胀处理措施,将路基冻胀变形控制在允许范围之内,采用自动监测系统,对路肩以下5 m范围内路基的冻结深度、水分、冻胀变形等进行监测,并对监测结果进行统计分析和深入研究。研究结果表明:路基冻结深度的发展主要受气温的影响,基床表层以下填料含水量随着冻结深度增加缓慢增加;基床表层及基床底层上部1.0 m范围冻胀量占总冻胀量的80%以上;低路堤地段冻胀最严重。为减少路基冻胀量,设计及施工时应采用全冻结深度防冻胀方案,以填料防冻胀为主,辅以防水、疏水和隔热等综合措施;低路堤地段防冻胀措施应适当加强。     

预制综合管廊接头抗剪性能与等效模拟方法

预制管廊接头力学性能及设计方法研究尚属于起步阶段,理论尚不成熟,对接头受力性能的认识尚不清晰。为研究预制管廊接头的抗剪性能及影响因素,基于福建省平潭预制拼装综合管廊工程,以典型的双舱和三舱预制拼装综合管廊结构为例,采用PLAXIS 3D岩土有限元程序建立预制管廊接头精细化三维数值模型,深入分析管廊接头的抗剪性能及影响因素,并提出合理实用的管廊接头等效模拟方法。研究结果表明,不设置剪力键时接头的极限总剪力降低了11.1%,设置剪力键能够明显地改善接头的抗剪性能;接头剪切强度和剪切刚度均与预应力基本呈线性关系;采用等效界面模型可以比较合理地模拟剪力键接头的抗剪力学行为。