The impact of the new onboard technologies on maritime education and training schemes in Europe: some findings from the 'METHAR' project

The paper reports some analyses put forward in the context of the METHAR Project. The purpose is the evaluation of the impact of the new technologies used onboard ships on the Maritime Education and Training systems in Europe and the identification of the future training needs. This issue is tackled by developing an ad-hoc methodology based upon the analysis of the responses to questionnaires sent to a number of operators involved in the maritime sector all over Europe, specifically ship owners, marine equipment manufacturers, pilots and port managers. Results enable the identification of some types of impacts that are named ‘organizational’ and ‘operational’. Moreover, a general evaluation scheme was developed as a tool for highlighting the structure and the characteristics of the impacts considered.     

Climate Change and Tourist Comfort on Europe's Beaches in Summer: A Reassessment

Major impacts of climate change have been projected for tourism in Europe. Typically, these projections took general tourism activities such as sight-seeing and their climate requirements as their point of reference. The purpose of this study is to reassess the impact of climate change, by looking specifically at beach tourism in summer, a crucial market segment in Europe and more specifically in the Mediterranean. As beach tourism requires relatively high temperatures, relatively modest shifts in attractiveness are found. With respect to climate, the Mediterranean is likely to remain Europe's prime region for summer-time beach tourism for at least the next 50 years. Coastal managers in Mediterranean destinations are advised to focus some of their attention on other climate change impacts such as sea-level rise or water availability, and include environmental quality and diversification of activities in their deliberations. In non-Mediterranean regions, a promising strategy may be to focus on short- and medium-distance visitors who can take advantage of the new opportunities for beach tourism, and to explore the merits of seasonal climate forecasting.     

Yard operations in the container terminal-a study in the 'unproductive moves'

Research that examined the land utilization of the container terminals in a global perspective revealed that the land utilization planned and achieved by Asian container terminals are much higher than the terminals in western Europe and North America. From the operational point of view, this has led to the question: 'what are the impacts of these strategies in land utilization on the yard operations?' This has subsequently led the research study to focus on the yard operations within the container terminal.     

港口建设项目环境影响经济评价流程的建立

从法律和理论层面分析了建立港口建设项目环境影响经济评价流程的必要性,确定了需要进行环境影响评价的港口的时空边界;给出了上述边界内水环境影响因子、大气环境影响因子、声环境影响因子和土壤环境影响因子的具体项目;在此基础上构建了港口建设项目环境影响经济评价流程。所得结果将有助于形成绿色GDP核算体系下的港口建设项目国民经济评价。     

基于模糊综合评判理论的载人深潜器操纵技巧评价方法

简要介绍了模糊综合评判的基本理论及其评判原理;简述了模糊综合评判多层次模型的建模与分级评判方法;提出了载人深潜器航行和作业技巧综合评价体系,构建了载人深潜器操纵技巧综合评价的二级模型,对航行和作业技巧综合评价的各因素及权重的确定方法作了说明,并在载人深潜器操纵仿真系统上进行了模拟运行,获得了预期的效果.如果考虑海况、海底海流、海底地质地形、作业对象等因素,该方法可运用于实艇海上驾驶作业训练的综合评价.     

The environmental costs and economic implications of container shipping on the Northern Sea Route

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) has tremendous potential for ocean shipping between Europe and Asia due to the savings from shorter transit time and distance. However, the Arctic area is environmentally vulnerable and thus there is a trade-off between NSR’s impacts on environment vs. its economic benefits, especially when compared with the traditional route, such as through the Suez Canal Route (SCR). This study estimates the market shares of different transport modes and alternative shipping routes for the container transport market between Europe and Asia, and the resulting environmental costs. Our result suggests that NSR can be a viable option under the status quo. However, its environmental costs tend to be higher than SCR due to small ship size and low load factor in the present, thus the development of NSR would lead to worse environment outcomes. If these issues can be resolved, NSR can benefit from lower operational and environmental costs, which will lead to higher market share and social welfare. Otherwise, increased use of NSR may lead to higher total environment costs than the status quo.     

海上光污染及对现行《国际海上避碰规则》的修改意见

从探讨海上光污染的概念出发,分别利用亮度对比度、可见度水平的计算公式和格拉斯曼的颜色混合定律分析了亮度对比度和颜色对比度对船舶号灯可识别性的影响;同时,分析了眩光对船舶驾驶人员视力的影响,并介绍了目前世界上比较统一的眩光评价模型。在此基础上,结合航海实践及教学研究经验,对现行《国际海上避碰规则》提出了减小与防范这种影响的修改意见。     

危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划

简要阐述了什么是危害辨识;明确了危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制的重要性,分析了如何掌握危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制的时机;讨论了危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制的基本步骤和过程;确定了如何进行危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制。有助于消除、限制、处理、转移风险。     

舰船雷达隐身的战术价值定量分析与计算

阐述了舰船雷达隐身的主要技术措施,分析了舰船雷达隐身对作战诸方面的影响和作用,建立了舰船雷达隐身的战术效用模型,分析计算了舰船雷达隐身后对发现距离、目标识别、导弹截获概率、质心干扰等4个方面的战术价值,这些模型和计算结果对隐身舰船在海上作战中的战术运用具有指导作用。     

Stakeholder Perspectives on the Value of Marine Spatial Planning Towards Advancing Offshore Wind in the U.S.

The United States contributes only 0.2% of the 18,814?MW of global installed offshore wind capacity. Lack of development has been attributed in part to a cumbersome regulatory process that includes the evaluation of environmental impacts. Assessments are based on biological, social, and technical data that are often incomplete. Marine spatial planning (MSP) may help fill data gaps. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants to understand (1) whether a lack of biological data impedes offshore wind environmental assessments, (2) whether MSP could mitigate these impediments, and (3) whether MSP could advance offshore wind development in the U.S. in other ways. Most informants stated that a lack of biological data in offshore wind environmental assessments was problematic due to incomplete data, uncertainty of data, and mismatched scales. Data issues may be mitigated by creation of data products and increased communication, outcomes of MSP that may benefit the regulatory process by increasing data availability, resolving conflicts among users, and providing a common operating picture. Challenges remain in integrating MSP into the processes of siting and permitting offshore wind, but it provides a strategic framework for the systematic identification, collection, collation, analyses, application, and management of data in the offshore wind environmental regulatory process.     

Warming Seas in the Coral Triangle: Coral Reef Vulnerability and Management Implications

The highest diversity coral reefs in the world, located in the Coral Triangle, are threatened by a variety of local stresses including pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing in addition to climate change impacts, such as increasing sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and ocean acidification. As climate change impacts increase, coral reef vulnerability at the ecoregional scale will have an increasingly important influence on conservation management decisions. This project provides the first detailed assessment of past and future climatic stress, thermal variability, and anthropogenic impacts in the Coral Triangle at the ecoregional level, thus incorporating both local (e.g., pollution, development, and overfishing) and global threats (increasing SSTs). The development of marine protected area (MPA) networks across the Coral Triangle is critical for the region to address these threats. Specific management recommendations are defined for MPA networks based on the levels of vulnerability to thermal and local stress. For example, coral reef regions with potentially low vulnerability to thermal stress may be priorities for establishment of MPA networks, whereas high vulnerability regions may require selection and design principles aimed at building resilience to climate change. The identification of climate and other human threats to coral reef systems and ecoregions can help conservation practitioners prioritize management responses to address these threats and identify gaps in MPA networks or other management mechanisms (e.g., integrated coastal management).     

Rising fuel costs and the geographical advantages of Mediterranean ports

With the soaring fuel costs modifying the general cost structure of ship management. shipowners running deep-sea services are being forced to reconsider the routeing of their vessels. some geographical regions (and ports within those regions) appear to begaining new spatial advantages in overall cargo flows because of this factor. This study looks at a methodological framework for a computer simulation analysis of these advantages by treating a specific example: that of second- and third-generation container vessels plying between the Far East and Europe. It tests the hypothesis that, on this particular route, the increase in fuel costs is tending to give a competitive edge to Mediterranean ports compared with those in north-western Europe.     

A Review of Whale-Watching and Whaling with Applications for the Caribbean

Whale-watching is a significant and growing tourism industry worldwide. Whaling has a long history and, although largely curtailed today, still occurs in a few countries around the world and in the Caribbean. Whaling has been labeled an incompatible activity with whale-watching because, in some cases, it reduces the number of whales available for use and changes whale behavior. Moreover, in some situations, whale-watching generates greater revenue than whaling, and whaling may detrimentally affect the larger tourism industry because of negative attitudes toward whaling by whale-watchers, other tourists, and host communities. This article examines the potential impacts of whaling on the whale-watching and tourism industries, and places these impacts in the Caribbean context. In doing so, the article outlines the history and current status of whale-watching in the Caribbean, outlines other potential constraints, and highlights the need for research about the impacts and roles of these industries. In the highly competitive global tourism industry, maintaining and nurturing a country's tourism image is critically important.     

TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota,high performance and positive impact – Main results of an ex-post evaluation

The paper presents the main characteristics, costs and impacts of TransMilenio, the bus based mass transit system of Bogotá, using BRT corridors and feeder services. An ex-post cost-benefit analysis is done, including monetary valuation of direct impacts on travel time and travel cost and externalities, such as improved road safety and air quality. Impacts on crime, land values, employment and tax revenue are also presented. The results are positive and robust; nevertheless, it is important to recognize that user perception has declined and there is urgent need to introduce service improvements. The paper also includes an ex-ante evaluation of the projected expansion using current costs, which indicates the need to limit construction capital costs. The results are an indication of the potential of BRT, and the evaluation methodology is applicable to other transit projects.     

Market structures in coastal shipping: what to expect in Canada following the Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement with the European Union?

After several years of negotiation between Canada and the European Union, the Comprehensive and Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) was ratified in early 2017. The regime set out by the Canadian Coasting Trade Act that reserves shipments of cargo between Canadian ports to Canadian vessels remains mostly untouched under CETA. Minor, yet potentially significant, changes to the regime are introduced by the trade agreement. Provisions are made to liberalize the repositioning of empty containers within Canada. The liberalization of public markets now allows European firms to compete in the Canadian dredging market. Finally, EU vessels can undertake some transshipment activity in Canada but this is limited to international cargo on the specific Montreal-Halifax route. The paper attempts to highlight some possible CETA’s consequences for domestic Canadian shipping markets. It uses industrial economics analytical tools drawn from a Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) paradigm. From a literature review, it reconstructs different cases of deregulation that occurred internationally. The observed transformations are then characterized in terms of the SCP model. The paper identifies some common impacts which occurred in different transportation industries after a deregulation process. Using these findings, it concludes by discussing potential impacts for domestic shipping markets in Canada.     

Effects of Human Activities on the World's Most Vulnerable Coral Reefs: Comoros Case Study

Effective management of highly biodiverse and threatened reefs requires the identification of human activities driving declines on the particular reef to be managed. The island nation of the Comoros is a model setting to investigate effects of human activities on diverse and threatened coral reefs, with abundant and diverse marine life, local dependence on reef resources, and a variety of anthropogenic pressures on reefs rendering the nation vulnerable to coral reef degradation. Using data from 21 sites throughout the Comoros, we evaluated the relative influence of human activities and other natural and anthropogenic factors on benthic cover and fish richness, abundance, and biomass with the goal of providing prioritized management targets. Human activities including fishing, beach sand extraction, and beachfront housing and development had the strongest relationship with degraded reefs but with some seasonal fluctuation, while geographic patterns most consistently predicted reef degradation across seasons. Comparing analyses conducted with and without human activities as predictors, the inclusion of human activities greatly improved explanatory power. Baseline data on reef biotic composition and localized anthropogenic impacts, monitoring over time, and controlled experiments can facilitate an adaptive management approach for protecting fragile reef ecosystems in the Comoros and elsewhere.     

Information Required for Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Conclusions from the European Demonstration Programme

This article presents the results of the Thematic Study on "the role of information in delivering Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe." It provides a definition of information and discusses the need for, and nature of, information as it influences and supports ICZM. The conclusions from the study are summarized, highlighting the importance of viewing information provision as part of the process of developing effective ICZM. The results of InfoCoast '99, a symposium held in February 1999 on knowledge and information for coastal management, are discussed and some of the practical steps that have and can be taken to meet the information need for ICZM in Europe are considered.     

Assessment of port economic impacts on regional economy with a case study on the Port of Lisbon

This article presents a method of assessing the economic impacts of ports at both regional level and national level, through application of input–output analysis. To this end, a methodology for data collection is proposed, which combines a top-down with a bottom-up approach which should help in surpassing some of the difficulties commonly faced in port economic impact studies. The presented methodology allows port planners and policymakers to assess the economic significance and geographic reach of port investments. This study considers the economic impacts of the port cluster and the socio-economic significance of port user industries. The several layers of the analysis are kept separate to allow a better grasp of direct and indirect impacts. The proposed methodology is demonstrated in a study of the Port of Lisbon, which confirms the significance of this port to the Portuguese economy, and also demonstrates that the influence of the Port of Lisbon is mostly limited to an area in close proximity to the port. Therefore, results suggest that investments for the development of logistic infrastructures associated with the port should concentrate in the immediate hinterland of the port.     

Climate Variability and Estuarine Water Resources: A Case Study from Tampa Bay,Florida

Natural variability in the myriad of physical processes that impact and control estuaries occurs at time scales that typically may exceed or partly exceed many monitoring programs. With respect to documenting and monitoring impacts of human influences- on estuaries, it is therefore important to frame the results of short-term monitoring programs within the context of longer term natural variability in the environment. In the Tampa Bay, Florida area, climate variability strongly influences seasonal precipitation, stream flow, and salinity. In particular, El Niño-Southern Oscillation impacts during the winter have the potential to influence both the availability of surface water for water supply withdrawal and the evaluation of the impacts of surface water withdrawals on the ecosystem.     

基于数据融合的单目标船避碰评估系统

建立了一个用于对单目标船避碰操作进行评估的系统。介绍了基于数据融合技术的系统三级处理模型,并重点讨论了基于数据关联的船舶航迹提取,基于坐标转换和几何模型的船舶运动参数计算,基于多测量周期数据融合的船舶操纵识别,和基于知识的碰撞危险、避碰阶段及会遇态势的判定等模块。同时给出了系统的工作流程图,最后通过实例说明系统运行的有效性。