Numerical analysis of water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea has a unique ecosystem that consists of endemic species. The deterioration of the unique ecosystem has become increasingly worrisome since a wide variety of pollutants have been released into the water. Water circulation plays a key role in advection and diffusion of these pollutants. In the present study, water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea were analyzed by means of a three dimensional numerical simulation. The effects of meteorological changes, river inflow, and an icing event were taken into account as boundary conditions. Numerical simulation was carried out for 20 years to achieve stable seasonal variations in model variables. As a result, the horizontal distributions of water temperature and salinity could be reproduced; the gradient of water temperature in the north–south direction, the decrease in water temperature along the east coast of the middle Caspian Sea due to coastal upwelling, and low salinity in the northern Caspian Sea. The icing event kept the water temperature in the northern Caspian Sea from decreasing to an unrealistic value. The observed cyclonic gyres were basically formed by the density-driven current due to thermohaline structure.     

Modelling physical processes of haline stratification in ROFIs with application to the Rhine outflow region

A physical and numerical study is made of the processes governing the stratification and circulation in ROFIs (Regions of Freshwater Influence) where there is an important impact of wind and tides. Observations in the Rhine ROFI showed that the salinity field consists of a mean and a tidally oscillating part. The physical processes are first analysed using the analytical solutions from a one-dimensional two-layer model. A justification is given for the neglection of non-linear advective terms in the equations of momentum and salinity. The dimensionless forms of the solutions can be expressed in terms of a series of dimensionless numbers. It is shown in particular that stratification and cross-shore circulation largely depend on the balance between rotation and turbulent diffusion, which depends in turn on parameters such as the Ekman number, the bottom friction coefficient, the eddy viscosity ratio and the depth of the layer interface. Surface winds either enhance or destroy stratification depending on the wind angle. The response to wind forcing is discussed using classical Ekman theory. To verify the analytical theory numerical tests are performed with a point model including an advanced turbulence closure scheme. Differences arise due to the non-linear interaction between turbulence on the one hand and current shear and stratification on the other hand. It is shown in particular that the amplitude of the tidal forcing and the off-shore horizontal salinity gradient strongly affect the semi-diurnal and semi-monthly variation of stratification. The effect of the wind is found to be in good agreement with the analysis of the two-layer model. Finally, the numerical model is compared with existing observational data in the Rhine ROFI for October 1990.     

Baroclinic eddy formation in a Rhine plume model

A three-dimensional finite difference tidal model, including advective and diffusive transport of salinity, is used in the two-layer model for simulation of Rhine water outflow. Layer depths are adjusted in a way that no advective transports between upper and lower layer take place in case of sufficiently stable stratification.Model results show frontal eddy development related to (limited) growing internal waves in case of weak northeasterly to southeasterly winds. It is shown that baroclinically unstable conditions occur, related to vertical velocity shear, resulting in frontal meanders with wave lengths between 18 and 30 km. Satellite images of sea surface temperature show a comparable behaviour of the temperature front, which is strongly correlated with the salinity front of the Rhine plume.     

摇摆条件下船用蒸汽蓄热器放汽过程数值研究

基于两流体模型和热相变模型,结合考虑附加惯性力的摇摆计算模型,并引入指数压降放汽边界条件,利用CFX软件进行了摇摆条件下船用蒸汽蓄热器放汽过程数值计算。计算结果显示,在摇摆条件下,蒸汽蓄热器放汽压力和温度均快速降低,但摇摆运动对放汽压力和温度参数影响比较小;摇摆运动加强蒸汽蓄热器内汽水两相流体的湍流交混,诱发蓄热器压力场、速度场和温度场分布紊乱;周期性的摇摆运动导致蒸汽蓄热器水位产生剧烈的周期性波动,且波动周期与摇摆周期基本一致。摇摆模型在蒸汽蓄热器两相流数值模拟中的成功应用,可为海洋条件下蒸汽蓄热器热工水力的准确分析提供参考。     

水火弯板厚度方向温度场参数研究

温度场作为水火弯板变形的主要边界条件,其规律一直是水火弯板机理的研究重点.文章通过对水火弯板厚度方向温度场的研究,提出以变形标称温度、加热深度、加热面积等参数来描述厚度方向温度场,并对这些参数同变形场参数之间的关系作了一定的研究.     

钛合金Ti-6Al-4V ELI厚板多层多道焊试验与数值模拟

对2块厚度为24mm的Ti-6Al-4VELI厚板进行夹角为171.98°的多层TIG焊接试验,基于SYSWELD软件平台,在焊板两端完全刚性固定的装夹条件下数值模拟计算焊接温度场、应力场和焊接引起的变形.计算结果表明,焊接温度场的变化规律符合实际,焊缝区的拉伸残余应力最大,热影响区的压缩残余应力较大.焊接数值模拟得到的残余应力场与试验测量值能较好地吻合,验证了数值模拟模型的准确性.该数值模拟方法可应用到大深度Ti-6Al-4VELI载人舱强度计算中的焊缝残余应力模拟中.     

大体积混凝土温度及应力场仿真分析

基于混凝土绝热温升数据,对平海湾风电基础承台大体积混凝土在施工过程中的温度应力场进行全程仿真计算。通过对比分析有、无冷却水管条件下承台混凝土结构的温度应力场,说明布置冷却水管效果显著,能有效降低承台混凝土内部最高温度及内、外表温差,以仿真分析结果指导基础承台混凝土的设计与施工,能有效防止混凝土开裂,提高施工质量。     

Residual circulation in the Ría de Muros (NW Spain): A 3D numerical model study

The residual circulation of the Ría de Muros, a large coastal embayment in NW Spain, are studied using a three-dimensional baroclinic finite-difference model. The driving forces considered by the model include the tide, winds, river inflows and density forcing at the open boundary. In situ data of current velocity and direction, water level, wind velocity and direction, river discharge, and temperature and salinity are used for model validation. Simulated and observed time series of water level and current velocity are in good agreement. Once validated, the model is applied to compute the residual circulation induced by the relevant agents of the ría hydrodynamics—the tide, an upwelling-favourable wind characteristic of spring and summer, a downwelling-favourable wind typical of winter, and freshwater inflows associated with high river runoff. The resulting residual circulation differ notably. The tide does not generate significant residual flows except in the inner ría. By contrast, winds and river discharges induce important residual flows throughout; in the middle and outer ría they generate a 3D residual circulation pattern which renders the conventional two-layer scheme of estuarine circulation too simplistic in this case. Thus, this first application of a 3D numerical model to the Ría de Muros sheds new light on its fundamental hydrodynamics.     

A two-layer model of the Rhine plume

The outflow of Rhine water into the shallow Southern Bight of the North Sea leads to almost discontinuous vertical density distributions and sharp frontal structures around the river mouth. Strong tidal motion, wind and baroclinic effects have large influence on the dynamics and dispersion of river water. A three-dimensional tidal model, including advective and diffusive transport of salinity, is used in the two-layer mode for simulation of Rhine water outflow to quantify the interaction of the different processes and the effect on dispersion and mixing of river water. Layer depths are adjusted in a way that no advective transports between upper and lower layer take place in case of sufficiently stable stratification. In case of weak or no stratification the upper layer depth is fixed, and advective transports between layers are computed. Model results show frontal eddy development and (limited) growing internal waves due to baroclinic instability. Comparisons with observational data are presented.     

深埋式大直径钢圆筒结构与土的共同作用

土压力是钢圆筒结构的主要外荷载之一,是分析钢圆筒与土共同作用机理的最重要一环。结合港珠澳大桥岛隧工程西人工岛项目实例,以有限元软件PLAXIS 3D作为分析平台,建立深埋式大直径钢圆筒岛壁结构整体空间弹塑性有限元模型。分析钢圆筒结构的筒前被动土压力分布曲线与筒底竖向土压力分布曲线,并与同工况下二维平面等效理论计算方法得到的土压力曲线以及经典朗肯、库仑土压力进行对比。结果表明,三维数值模拟钢圆筒结构筒前被动土压力最小,随深度增长的趋势与经典土压力相吻合;三维数值模拟筒底竖向土压力与二维平面等效计算结果在分布趋势和数值方面都基本吻合。     

河口海区开挖航道后三维潮流盐度泥沙数值模拟

利用坐标变换法建立了三维潮流盐度泥沙数值模拟 ,解决了复杂边界的处理问题 ,并应用于伶仃洋航道的整治研究中 ,取得了满意的结果。航道中的含沙量、盐度分布与现场实测很吻合 ,模拟计算得出的航道一期工程开挖后的淤积量与现场实测结果十分接近。     

通州湾区域用海对近岸波浪场的影响

采用CCMP背景风场与Holland梯度风场模型叠加构建新的SWAN驱动风场,对台风"梅花"期间东中国海的波浪场进行数值模拟,并结合卫星数据进行验证,讨论了拖曳力系数饱和值的最适选取,以给小范围提供最佳波谱边界。运用SWAN自嵌套进行小范围数值模拟研究,结合波浪测站实测数据进行对比,对区域用海后保留通道的两种方案进行对比分析。结果表明,台风期间保留西通道较东通道有效波高更小,所取特征站位平均减幅0.10m,最大降幅达0.25m。     

深厚软土地基上插入式钢圆筒的结构稳定性

结合港珠澳大桥岛隧工程东人工岛工程实例,基于 PLAXIS 3D 有限元软件计算平台,利用可同时考虑剪切硬化和压缩硬化的土体弹塑性本构模型 Hardening-soil model,对深插式大直径钢圆筒岛壁结构三维数值计算展开研究,分析施工全过程中各控制工况下钢圆筒的变位情况,并与二维理论计算和现场实测位移相验证,探讨深厚软黏土地基上大圆筒结构的变形与稳定特性。结果表明,三维数值模拟钢圆筒位移和实测位移相近,两者均大于二维平面等效计算位移值;当钢圆筒有足够的直径和埋深时,即使其插入深厚软黏土地基,水平和竖向变位均较大,但是其结构稳定性也较好。分析成果对类似工程以及大直径钢圆筒结构在软土地基上的推广应用具有一定的参考意义。     

单柱式浮式风力机动力响应数值与试验分析

以200 m作业水深的5 MW OC3单柱式浮式风力机为研究对象,采用FAST程序对其在不同海况下的运动进行全耦合时历数值计算,并与采用1∶50缩尺比模型试验所得时历结果进行对比,通过时域以及频域方法对平台主要自由度运动以及系泊拉力进行分析。研究发现:垂向运动带来的自由面记忆效应较纵向和横向小;悬链线式模型所能提供的系泊拉力较张紧式系泊提供的拉力小;风浪联合作用下,风载荷主要激励低频固有频率运动,波浪载荷则主要激励波频运动;平台纵荡和纵摇运动受系泊系统的影响较大,而垂荡运动则不受系泊系统的影响。     

巴基斯坦瓜达尔港泥沙淤积规律研究

利用现场实测资料,对工程海区的潮汐、潮流、风、波浪、含沙量及底质等自然条件进行了对比分析,并结合潮流和波浪数值模拟结果,利用经验公式计算方法,对不同建港方案的年淤积量及一次大风天气情况下悬沙和推移质泥沙淤强分布和淤积量进行了研究,同时就该工程对渔港泥沙淤积的影响作了阐述。     

长江感潮河段平面二维潮流数值模拟

基于正交曲线网格下的有限体积法,建立河口潮汐的水深平均二维模型,运用Simple算法求解河口潮汐的二维浅水方程。以长江下游江阴水道为计算实例,用"露滩冻结"动边界技术处理方法模拟江阴水道二维潮流场,较好地解决了边滩、浅滩边界随水位的变动问题。实例和验证结果表明:计算的潮位和潮流过程与实测过程吻合较好,计算的流场合理。对计算结果的前后可视化处理,采用AutoCAD的DXF数据接口生成流场和网格图,以便更好地进行直观分析。     

碾压混凝土拱坝温控仿真分析

温度的变化及其产生的影响在碾压混凝土拱坝中是不容忽视的,本文利用三维有限元法,对某碾压混凝土拱坝进行了全过程仿真分析。在分析中考虑了混凝土绝热温升随龄期的变化、通水冷却、分层浇筑和夏季停工渡汛等因素,得出了温度场分布及其随时间变化规律,为该坝的设计与施工中的温控防裂提供参考。     

两船并靠状态下的运动响应数值模拟研究

针对两船并靠工况复杂,各种运动相互间存在耦合的情况,基于三维势流理论和波浪的辐射/衍射理论,应用多体水动力学软件,建立了船体、护舷和缆绳的模型,开展了两船在风、浪、流作用下的运动响应数值模拟。模拟结果可作为并靠方案设计和优化的参考依据,也可为两船并靠状态下的护舷力学性能计算提供支撑。     

Hydrography, currents and distribution of suspended matter during a dumping experiment in the western Baltic Sea at a site near Warnemünde

During a dumping experiment on 20/21 June 2001, an extensive data record was collected to understand the dynamical processes in the water column of the investigation area and to validate model results. Weak westerly winds with strongly changing cloud coverage characterized the meteorological situation. During the second day the wind calmed down and moved shortly to easterly directions. The water column was characterized by a strong vertical stratification with discontinuity layers in temperature and salinity in 12 and 16 m. The current regime was dominated by outflow at the water surface and inflow along the German coast, with strong current shearing in the dumping area. The suspended matter clouds could be identified by optical methods and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) scattering intensity. During the experiment the suspended matter plumes were only visible at the surface up to 1 h after the dumping. The aerial photographs document that the particle clouds at the surface drifted to the west and, after approximately 40 min, they were only weakly visible. The fine material was concentrated in the discontinuity layer leading to substantially higher values of optical parameters and suspended matter concentration than measured in the surface clouds. Due to the vertical current shears the material was transported in the water column in different directions. At the first day the maximum of the suspended matter in the discontinuity layer was in the north-western corner and in the bottom layer in the northeast corner of the dumping area. Strong wind conditions after the dumping led to periodical resuspension processes.