张力腿式浮式风机平台的水动力和空气动力耦合响应分析（英文）

文章采用了空气动力、水动力、控制与弹性完全耦合的时域模拟方法研究了张力腿式浮式风机平台的动力响应。水动力载荷的计算采用了三维势流理论与Morison公式。空气动力载荷的计算采用了叶素动量理论和广义动态尾流理论。利用FAST软件得到了张力腿式浮式风机平台响应的时域结果,并分析了其动力响应特性。建立了描述平台纵荡运动的非线性微分方程,并采用了摄动方法求得其近似解,解释了纵荡运动中由非线性粘性效应引起的高频响应。对数值模拟结果的分析表明高频的响应分量对平台的动力性能有显著的影响。     

系泊Spar平台波浪中耦合运动的数值模拟及模型试验

为了研究恶劣环境载荷引起海洋结构物的非线性运动响应,文章基于三维时域格林函数理论,提出了采用时域物面非线性理论方法直接模拟系泊浮体时域耦合分析所需的水动力,建立了系泊浮体波浪中时域耦合运动的数学模型.该方法充分考虑了每时每刻浮体在瞬态波面下湿表面的变化,并计及平均水线面下瞬时空间位置的改变,系统研究了系泊Spar平台波浪中的耦合运动响应及系泊线张力.最后,将数值模拟结果与模型试验结果进行了比较,计算结果令人满意.     

不同随机波影响因子下张力腿平台动力响应

采用时域耦合法对某传统式张力腿平台进行非线性动力响应研究,重点讨论不同随机波有义波高、谱峰周期和入射波方向对张力腿平台各自由度运动响应和顶端张力的影响。结果显示,本文各工况各自由度最大位移均满足设计要求。纵荡、垂荡和首摇运动幅值对有义波高较为敏感;平面内运动对谱峰周期较敏感,而谱峰周期对平面外运动影响不大;平面内运动对入射波角度较敏感。纵荡和首摇为低频运动,垂荡和纵摇为高频运动,其中垂荡与纵荡相耦合;由于高频载荷引起平台升沉、横摇和纵摇运动,而这3种运动又作用于张力腿轴向振荡,从而使得张力腿顶端张力表现为高频响应。     

10 MW级半潜漂浮式风机的动力响应

选取新型钢筋混凝土结构OO-Star半潜浮式风机平台展开研究,采用ANSYS/AQWA建立半潜浮式基础的水动力数值模型,研究该平台的水动力性能.同时建立水动力-锚泊系统耦合数值模型,开展10MW级大型海上漂浮式风机在风浪作用下的动力响应研究.结果 表明,OO-Star半潜浮式风机平台水动力性能优异,且在不同风浪荷载环境作用下,运动响应以及锚泊系统的张力响应较为合理,未来必将在大型海上漂浮式风机的开发领域占有一席之地.     

一种新型延展式张力腿平台及其水动力性能

文章提出了一种由四个立柱和一个环形浮箱（四个方型截面梁组成）组成的新型延展式张力腿平台。与传统延展式张力腿平台相比,新型延展式张力腿平台有更少的组块和组块间焊缝,因此它的建造成本更低、建造周期更短。新型延展式张力腿平台将延展式结构改进为浮箱的一部分,这就解决了传统平台的延展式结构与浮箱连接处焊缝疲劳损伤问题。文中对结构进行了水动力性能分析以证明其动态响应可靠性。基于三维势流理论对新型平台进行频域内的数值模拟,得到了新型平台的附加质量和势流阻尼。考虑新型平台和张力筋腱系统的耦合作用,分析了新型平台在风、浪、流联合作用下的非线性动态响应。时域分析得到了新型平台在时域内的位移响应。水动力分析结果证明了新型延展式张力腿平台有可靠的水动力性能,并且满足在南海环境条件下的安全要求。     

张力腿平台水动力响应分析

张力腿平台作为一种典型的深水浮式平台,具有半顺应半固定的运动特征.本文以1000米水深TLP平台为例,详细叙述了TLP平台水动力分析的过程和方法,包括有限元模型的建立,水动力特征的计算,水动力荷载响应的计算以及运动响应分析.     

Spar风机非稳态动力响应分析

文章采用多体动力学仿真器FAST,研究5MW OC3 Hywind Spar浮式风机平台非稳态动力响应,计算工况为JONSWAP海浪谱,有义波高6.8 m,谱峰周期10.2 s,流速0.642 m/s,波浪、流和风方向均为0°。研究结果表明在气动载荷影响下,风机运行相比于风机停机时,浮式平台垂荡运动幅值减小,而平台纵荡和纵摇的运动幅度增加到2.1和1.5倍,其他自由度的运动幅度增加到1.2～1.8倍,平台系泊张力响应幅度最大增加到4倍。此外发现相对于风机正常运行情况,风机启动过程中平台的纵荡运动幅值增加19.3%,引起平台大幅度漂移运动,导缆孔张力增加10%。气动载荷主要影响平台6个自由度运动的最值和均值,而对平台系泊张力主要影响其标准差,建议研究浮式风机基础的运动响应及系泊张力应考虑风机运行的气动载荷。     

Spar基础浮式风机系泊系统全耦合分析

本文以OC3 Hywind Spar基础浮式风机为研究对象,采用先进的空气动力-水动力耦合时域分析方法,针对其在中国南海某海域风浪流共同作用下,系泊系统、浮式基础运动以及风机与塔桶载荷响应进行分析。对比了定常风与湍流风模型对浮式风机系泊系统、整体运动响应以及风机载荷的影响。计算结果表明：相比于湍流风,采用定常风进行浮式风机系泊系统分析将得到偏于危险的结果,同时浮式风机运动响应与风机载荷结果偏小。本文建议在系泊系统初始设计阶段采用定常风方法进行设计,在系泊分析阶段采用湍流风进行分析,以保证浮式风机长期服役安全。     

张力腿平台二阶波浪力作用下运动响应分析

以延伸式张力腿平台为例,采用时域耦合分析法研究二阶波浪力对船体以及张力腿、立管的影响.在频域下计算船体结构一阶与二阶波浪力的传递函数,进而在Deepc中模拟海域的波流条件,考虑低频和高频波浪的影响,得到张力腿平台的动力响应和张力腿、立管的动张力值,并与线性的计算结果进行比较,认为在确定张力腿平台锚链的极限承载力和疲劳寿命时,应考虑高频二阶波浪力的影响.     

新型半潜式浮式风机在不同流速下的动力响应特性研究

本文提出一种适用于50～120 m水深的新型半潜式浮式风机，用频域法研究浮式平台的水动力特性，通过建立风机-塔筒-浮式平台-系泊系统全耦合分析模型，考虑二阶差频波浪力作用，对其开展风、浪、流联合作用下的时域分析，重点分析不同流速条件下新型半潜式浮式风机耦合动力响应特性。分析结果表明：新型半潜式浮式风机结构设计合理，其固有周期能较好地避开波浪能量密集的周期范围，有效避免了共振发生；风浪条件一定的情况下，流速增大将使新型半潜式浮式风机的最大纵荡响应和锚链拉力显著增大，但对纵摇和艏摇响应有一定程度的抑制作用。流速变化对基础垂荡运动和发电功率影响较小。     

浮式风机气动-水动耦合特性数值模拟（英文）

The exploration for renewable and clean energies has become crucial due to environmental issues such as global warming and the energy crisis. In recent years,floating offshore wind turbines(FOWTs) have attracted a considerable amount of attention as a means to exploit steady and strong wind sources available in deep-sea areas. In this study, the coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of a spar-type 5-MW wind turbine are analyzed. An unsteady actuator line model(UALM) coupled with a twophase computational fluid dynamics solver naoe-FOAM-SJTU is applied to solve three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations. Simulations with different complexities are performed. First, the wind turbine is parked. Second, the impact of the wind turbine is simplified into equivalent forces and moments. Third, fully coupled dynamic analysis with wind and wave excitation is conducted by utilizing the UALM. From the simulation, aerodynamic forces, including the unsteady aerodynamic power and thrust, can be obtained, and hydrodynamic responses such as the six-degrees-of-freedom motions of the floating platform and the mooring tensions are also available. The coupled responses of the FOWT for cases of different complexities are analyzed based on the simulation results. Findings indicate that the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform are obvious. The aerodynamic loads have a significant effect on the dynamic responses of the floating platform, and the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine has highly unsteady characteristics due to the motions of the floating platform. A spar-type FOWT consisting of NREL-5-MW baseline wind turbine and OC3-Hywind platform system is investigated. The aerodynamic forces can be obtained by the UALM. The 6 DoF motions and mooring tensions are predicted by the naoe-FOAM-SJTU. To research the coupling effects between the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and the hydrodynamics of the floating platform, simulations with different complexities are performed. Fully coupled aero-hydrodynamic characteristics of FOWTs, including aerodynamic loads, wake vortex, motion responses, and mooring tensions, are compared and analyzed.     

Hydroelastic code-to-code comparison for a tension leg spar-type floating wind turbine

The development of robust design tools for offshore wind turbines requires knowledge of both wave and wind load models and response analysis. Verification of the numerical codes is required by the use of experiments and code-to-code comparisons. This paper presents a hydroelastic code-to-code comparison between the HAWC2 and USFOS/vpOne codes for a tension leg spar (TLS) wind turbine with a single tether. This concept is hence based on the TLP and Spar concepts. The comparison is performed using coupled hydroelastic time domain simulations. Several aspects of modelling, such as wave simulation, hydrodynamic and structural modelling, are addressed for the TLS. Wave-induced motions of the support structure affect the power performance of a wind turbine. Furthermore, overload of the tension leg should be avoided. In this paper, the motion and tension responses are compared. The tension leg introduces nonlinear effects on the spar motion. These nonlinear effects include combined-frequency effect such as double, difference and sum of wave, as well as natural pitch and surge frequencies. Hydrodynamic loads are based on a combination of the Morison formula and the pressure integration method. A comparison indicates that the motion and tension responses obtained in the two codes are in good agreement.     

半潜型浮式风机运动特征及系泊系统的研究

近年来海上浮式风机的研究备受关注,安全可靠的系泊系统将保证风机在风、浪、流等复杂环境荷载作用下稳定运行,准确合理地描述风机运动将为评估风机发电效率提供支持。以半潜型浮式风机的系泊系统为研究对象,基于经典悬链线理论,采用准静态分析法提出一套系泊系统的设计方法。通过坐标变换,得到风轮真实的俯仰运动用于计算风机的动力效应及评定其发电效率。采用动力法分析了系泊系统锚链的导缆孔位置、预张力大小、锚链间夹角等参数对风机系统发电效率、浮式平台运动性能和系泊锚链张力的影响,得到了浮式平台迎风面俯仰倾角、水平偏移及锚链张力随参数的变化规律,为半潜型浮式风机系泊系统的设计提供了参考。     

气动载荷对半潜式海上风机运动响应的影响分析

以DeepCwind海上风机为研究对象,利用有限元软件ANSYS AQWA进行风机频域水动力数值仿真分析,得到水动力参数以及幅频响应曲线,将得到的水动力参数导入到FAST软件中,对风机气动-水动-锚泊系统的时域耦合运动分析。在此基础上,讨论了气动载荷对于半潜式风机运动响应的影响。结果表明,气动载荷对于半潜式风机运动响应的影响较大且不可忽略,横摇,横荡以及首摇运动随着气动载荷的增大而增大,垂荡运动随着气动载荷的增大而减小,风作用在叶片上所产生的气动阻尼削弱了垂荡运动,增强了横荡、横摇和首摇运动。     

Stochastic dynamic load effect and fatigue damage analysis of drivetrains in land-based and TLP,spar and semi-submersible floating wind turbines

This paper deals with the feasibility of using a 5 MW drivetrain which is designed for a land-based turbine, on floating wind turbines. Four types of floating support structures are investigated: spar, TLP and two semi-submersibles. The fatigue damage of mechanical components inside the gearbox and main bearings is compared for different environmental conditions, ranging from cut-in to cut-out wind speeds. For floating wind turbines, representative wave conditions are also considered. All wind turbines are ensured to follow similar power curves, but differences in the control system (integral to different concepts) are allowed. A de-coupled analysis approach is employed for the drivetrain response analysis. First, an aero-hydro-servo-elastic code is employed for the global analysis. Next, motions, moments and forces from the global analysis are applied on the gearbox multi body model and the loads on gears and bearings are obtained. The results suggest that the main bearings sustain more damage in floating wind turbines than on land-based. The highest main bearing damage is observed for the spar floating wind turbine. The large wave induced axial load on the main shaft is found to be the primary reason of this high damage in the spar wind turbine. Apart from the main bearings - which are located on the main shaft outside the gearbox - other bearings and gears inside the gearbox hold damages in floating wind turbines equal or even less than in the land-based turbine. It is emphasized that the results presented in this study are based on a drivetrain with two main bearings, which considerably reduces the non-torque loads on the gearbox.     

Model test investigation of a spar floating wind turbine

Several floating wind turbine designs whose hull designs reflect those used in offshore petroleum industry have emerged as leading candidates for the future development of offshore wind farms. This article presents the research findings from a model basin test program that investigated the dynamic response of a 1:50 scale model OC3 spar floating wind turbine concept designed for a water depth of 200 m. In this study the rotor was allowed to rotate freely with the wind speed and this approach eliminated some of the undesirable effects of controlling wind turbine rotational speed that were observed in earlier studies. The quality of the wind field developed by an array of fans was investigated as to its uniformity and turbulence intensity. Additional calibration tests were performed to characterize various components that included establishing the baseline wind turbine tower frequencies, stiffness of the delta type mooring system and free decay response behaviour. The assembled system was then studied under a sequence of wind and irregular wave scenarios to reveal the nature of the coupled response behaviour. The wind loads were found to have an obvious influence on the surge, heave and pitch behaviour of the spar wind turbine system. It was observed from the experimental measurements that bending moment at the top of the support tower is dominated by the 1P oscillation component and somewhat influenced by the incoming wave. Further it was determined that the axial rotor thrust and tower-top shear force have similar dynamic characteristics both dominated by tower’s first mode of vibration under wind-only condition while dominated by the incident wave field when experiencing wind-wave loading. The tensions measured in the mooring lines resulting from either wave or wind-wave excitations were influenced by the surge/pitch and heave couplings and the wind loads were found to have a clear influence on the dynamic responses of the mooring system.     

半潜浮式风机的动力响应分析

OC4半潜浮式风机综合性能较好，但其浮式基础结构质量和结构复杂性使其建造成本高昂，而WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础具有结构简单、建造成本低和减摇效果好等优点，但是适应水深较小且只适合特定海域。结合OC4和WindFloat半潜浮式风机浮式基础的结构特点，针对200 m水深环境设计OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机基础。基于叶素理论、莫里森公式和势流理论，通过有限元软件对OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机的固有周期及风浪联合作用下的动态响应进行耦合分析，并与OC4半潜浮式风机结果进行对比研究。结果显示，OC4-WindFloat半潜浮式风机固有周期及动态响应均满足相关规定，且具有比OC4更低的建造成本，相比WindFloat可适用更深的海域。研究结果对于浮式基础型式研究有一定的指导意义。     

单柱式浮式风力机动力响应数值与试验分析

以200 m作业水深的5 MW OC3单柱式浮式风力机为研究对象,采用FAST程序对其在不同海况下的运动进行全耦合时历数值计算,并与采用1∶50缩尺比模型试验所得时历结果进行对比,通过时域以及频域方法对平台主要自由度运动以及系泊拉力进行分析。研究发现:垂向运动带来的自由面记忆效应较纵向和横向小;悬链线式模型所能提供的系泊拉力较张紧式系泊提供的拉力小;风浪联合作用下,风载荷主要激励低频固有频率运动,波浪载荷则主要激励波频运动;平台纵荡和纵摇运动受系泊系统的影响较大,而垂荡运动则不受系泊系统的影响。     

深海系泊浮体物面非线性时域耦合动力分析

文章基于三维时域势流理论和弹性细长杆理论,研究并提出了深海系泊浮体物面非线性时域耦合动力分析方法。该方法采用时域物面非线性理论方法在瞬态位置直接时域模拟系泊浮体所需水动力,结合有限元方法计算系泊缆索的动力响应,利用异步耦合方法实现浮体和系泊缆索的时域耦合动力求解。既满足系泊浮体时域水动力耦合,又满足系泊浮体和系泊缆索动力耦合。通过对二阶非线性不规则波作用下深海系泊半潜式平台的时域耦合响应特性进行研究,将不同海况下物面非线性时域耦合静力响应和动力响应与间接时域耦合动力响应的三种方法计算结果进行比较。研究结果表明,系泊缆索动力响应明显,平台瞬态空间位置对垂荡低频运动影响较大,有必要在平台瞬时湿表面采用动力响应方法进行深海系泊浮体时域耦合响应分析。     

Design,modelling, and analysis of a large floating dock for spar floating wind turbine installation

Installation of floating wind turbines at the offshore site is a challenging task. A significant part of the time efficiency and costs are related to the installation methods which are sensitive to weather conditions. This study investigates a large floating dock concept, which can be used to shield a floating wind turbine during installation of tower, nacelle, and rotor onto a spar foundation. In this paper, the concept is described in detail, and a design optimisation is carried out using simple design constraints. Hydrodynamic analysis and dynamic response analysis of the coupled system of the optimum dock and spar are conducted. Two spars of different sizes are considered, and the motion responses of the spars with and without the dock in irregular waves are compared. Through analysis of the motion spectra and response statistics, dynamic characteristics of the coupled system is revealed. The present design of the dock reduces the platform-pitch responses of the spars and potentially facilitates blade mating, but may deteriorate the heave velocity of the spars in swell conditions. Finally, future design aspects of the floating dock are discussed.