大型运输船浮冰区航行阻力试验研究（英文）

In this study, we carried out model tests to investigate the ice failure process and the resistance experienced by a transport vessel navigating in the Arctic region in pack ice conditions. We tested different navigation velocities, ice plate sizes, and ice concentrations. During the tests, we closely observed several phenomena, including the modes of interaction of the ice ship and the moving and failure modes of ice. We also measured the vessel resistances under different conditions. The test results indicate that the navigation velocity is a significant determinant of the moving and failure modes of ice. Moreover, vessel resistance is remarkably dependent on the ice concentration and navigation velocity. The variances of the mean and maximum resistance are also compared and discussed in detail.     

Experimental study on the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in Arctic waters by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and the ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist (1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

中国新型极地考察船冰载荷预估研究

本文针对中国新型极地考察船所受冰载荷进行了研究,其中包含了平整冰阻力和浮冰碰撞力.对于船舶设计者和建造者来说,船舶冰载荷的预估非常重要.本文采用经验公式方法计算了该船在平整冰中航行的冰阻力,并且与模型试验结果进行了对比.结果显示,计算和试验结果中的冰阻力都随船舶航行速度的增大而增大,经验公式方法可以预测出合理的平整冰阻力.通过计算得到了该船的性能曲线,即该船在不同厚度平整冰中航行所能达到的速度.此外,本文还考虑了该船与圆形浮冰之间的三维斜向碰撞问题,采用解析方法评估了浮冰对船舶的撞击力,研究了撞击位置、法向框架角度以及浮冰尺寸对碰撞力的影响.基于计算结果,本文就冰载荷的预测进行了讨论并提出了一些建议.     

极地平整冰区运输船航行阻力的模型试验研究（英文）

This study investigates the resistance of a transport ship navigating in level ice by conducting a series of model tests in an ice tank at Tianjin University. The laboratory-scale model ship was mounted on a rigid carriage using a one-directional load cell and then towed through an ice sheet at different speeds. We observed the ice-breaking process at different parts of the ship and motion of the ice floes and measured the resistances under different speeds to determine the relationship between the ice-breaking process and ice resistance. The bending failure at the shoulder area was found to cause maximum resistance. Furthermore, we introduced the analytical method of Lindqvist(1989) for estimating ice resistance and then compared these calculated results with those from our model tests. The results indicate that the calculated total resistances are higher than those we determined in the model tests.     

冰区运输船极地海域航行阻力的模型试验研究（英文）

为了考查冰区运输船在北极结冰海域航行时所受到的航行阻力,进行了一系列室内物理模型试验。试验中船体模型通过一个单向测力传感器与主拖车上的刚性拖曳臂相连。试验包含三种主要的冰条件,即船体独立航行的平整冰条件、在破冰船引导下航行的航道碎冰条件和独立航行的浮冰条件。平整冰及航道碎冰条件下对多种船体航行速度进行考察,而浮冰条件下则针对不同的冰覆盖率展开研究。试验中对冰-船相互作用模式、冰排在船体不同位置处的破坏进程以及碎冰沿船体的运动状态进行了详尽的观测,并对船体的航行阻力进行了有效的测量。此外,文中还对航行阻力均值与极值之间的差异进行了详尽的讨论与分析。结果表明,冰条件与船体航行速度是影响船体航行阻力的重要因素。     

基于半经验公式方法的破冰船破冰阻力计算研究

传统Lindqvist半经验公式存在将不同船型阻力的计算结果均一化的缺点,本文基于船首不同区域的海冰破坏模式,采用船体纵向切片法对传统Lindqvist半经验公式进行了改进。通过将传统及改进后的半经验公式计算结果与模型实验结果进行比较,验证了改进的Lindqvist半经验公式计算结果的有效性和正确性。进而通过半经验公式计算方法,研究了船速和船舶吃水对船体所受破冰阻力的影响。结果表明,改进的Lindqvist半经验公式计算结果明显高于传统Lindqvist半经验公式,与实验值更为接近；船舶破冰阻力随船速呈近似线性增长的趋势,随船舶吃水的增加呈现减小的趋势。     

Ice impact response and energy dissipation characteristics of PVC foam core sandwich plates: Experimental and numerical study

In this paper, the dynamic responses and energy dissipation characteristics of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam core sandwich plates under ice impact are investigated. The ice impact tests of PVC foam core sandwich plates were conducted by employing the horizontal impact experimental apparatus. The finite element simulations were conducted to analyze the dynamic response of PVC foam core sandwich plates based on soil and concrete material model for ice impactor. It was demonstrated that numerical results were in good agreement with experimental results. The deformation modes of the top facesheets were coupling of local indentation with global bending deformation, while the deformation modes of bottom facesheets were overall bending deformation. The permanent deformation of face sheets show that the impact resistance of sandwich plate is better than that of equivalent weight hull plate (EWHP). In addition, based on the actual navigation environment of ship, the effect of impact angle and ice floe shape on dynamic response and energy dissipation are analyzed.     

长洲四线并列船闸运行方式对下游引航道水流条件的影响

长洲水利枢纽通航建筑物采用四线并列船闸布置,其引航道水流条件受船闸布置及充泄水影响而十分复杂。采用物理模型试验与数学模型计算相结合的手段,对长洲船闸不同下游水位下船闸泄水对引航道水流条件的影响进行研究,针对存在的水力学问题,结合长洲船闸的特点提出目前最为便捷有效的非工程措施——优化船闸运行方式,并最终确定了船闸运行的控制下游水位及相应的运行方式,为船闸设计与运行管理提供了依据。     

钱塘江中上游山区河流挖入式港池布置及进出港通航水流条件

钱塘江中上游山区河流岸线资源有限,为提高岸线利用率,拟布置挖入式港池。针对河道流量大、流速快、港池口门通航水流条件差等问题,通过物理模型及船模试验,对山区河流挖入式港池的布置和通航水流条件进行研究。结果表明,从通航角度考虑,港池轴线与水流方向的夹角宜尽可能小,港池内制动段最大回流流速不宜超过0. 40 ms,口门区内的最大回流流速不宜超过0. 50 ms,最大横向流速不宜超过0. 80 ms。     

基于动量守恒定律的船闸口门区船舶安全通航条件研究

现行规范是以船闸引航道口门区通航水流条件作为船舶能否安全进出口门区的判别标准。通过调查研究,船舶进出船闸是否安全仅考虑口门区通航水流条件是不全面的,还应考虑船舶在该区域本身的运动特征。基于动量守恒定律并考虑水流对船舶的作用,分析船舶为维持安全所形成的航行运动特征,并通过通航水流条件和船舶航行条件的模型试验,对比研究两者的关系,提出了基于动量守恒定律的口门区船舶安全通航条件判定方法。结果表明,采用水流条件试验结果求得的口门区船舶安全通航最小临界速度判定船舶通航的安全性是合理可行的。     

A tri-axial ice model for simulating ice-stiffened panel impact: Experiments and numerical modeling

The interaction of ice with a polar ship is complex, which may involve several ice failure mechanisms such as local crushing, tensile, cracking, bending, shearing, sliding and the ship structures could attain permanent deformations. A reasonable modeling of ice behavior is, therefore, critical to the analysis of ship-ice interactions. This paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the behavior of stiffened panels subject to the impact of a wedge-shaped ice block/indenter. The tested stiffened panel was mounted to a Falling Weight Impact Tester, and measurements were taken to help understand the dynamic responses of the structure and the ice, and also the permanent deformations. Finite element analyses using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT were also performed for the lab tests. The proposed ice model features a multi-surface yield function, empirical failure criteria for a few ice failure modes, and a representation of the remaining load carrying capacity of crushed ice. This ice model is implemented in a user-defined subroutine VUMAT and uses the cohesive element in a numerical solution. The predicted and measured impact force and structural deformation compared very well with the tests, indicating that the proposed ice model coded in VUMAT is reasonable. A series of parametric studies was then carried out to identify the key parameters of this new ice model that would have major effects on the prediction of ice impacts. The paper intends to provide test data that may be useful in understanding the complex ice-ship interaction and to introduce a numerical solution with a new ice model that improves the simulation of high-energy ice-ship impacts.     

A comparative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction method and the constant added mass method for ice-structure collisions

The constant added mass (CAM) method and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method are widely used to simulate ship-ship and ship-ice collisions. In the CAM method, the hydrodynamic effect of the surrounding water is treated as a constant added mass, whereas in the FSI method the surrounding fluid flow is explicitly modelled. The objective of the paper is to compare the two methods and to explain the causes of the differences in the results. We considered collision between a freshwater ice mass and a floating steel structure. For both methods, the numerical simulations were performed with the LS-DYNA software. The behaviour of the ice mass was modelled using an elliptic yield criterion and a strain-based pressure-dependent failure criterion. To ensure realistic ice behaviour, the ice model was calibrated using general trends found in laboratory and in-situ indentation tests with focus on the laboratory-grown ice and the fluid model in the LS-DYNA was verified by comparing the added mass coefficients for a spherical body and a rectangular block with the corresponding WADAM results. To validate and benchmark the numerical simulations, experimental data on ice-structure interactions in water were used, including the acceleration of the floater wall measured with the dynamic motion unit (DMU), the relative velocity between the ice mass and the floater before the impact and some images extracted from video recording of the test. The comparisons indicated that the FSI method yields better results for the motion of the floater, i.e., the acceleration of the floater wall caused by the ice mass’s impact and the relative velocity were in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements. It was also found that the CAM method was faster but predicted a higher peak contact force and more dissipated energy in the ice mass than in the FSI method.     

海洋船舶的轨迹估计算法

准确估计和预测海洋导航中机动船舶的轨迹是改善海上安全和保安的重要工具。因此,许多常规海洋导航系统和船舶交通管理和报告服务都为此目的配备了雷达设施。然而,船舶操纵轨迹的预测的准确性主要取决于船舶位置,速度和加速度的估计的良好性。因此,本研究提出了一个基于曲线运动模型的机动海洋船只模型,其基于用于相同目的的线性位置模型的测量。此外,还假定与白高斯噪声相关联的系统状态和测量模型。扩展卡尔曼滤波器被提出作为用于估计位置,速度和加速度的自适应滤波器算法,用于预测机动的海洋船舶轨迹。最后,提出的模型被实施,并获得成功的计算结果,在本研究中的海洋导航中的船舶操纵轨迹的预测。     

Ship resistance when operating in floating ice floes: Derivation,validation, and application of an empirical equation

With the effects of global warming, the Arctic is presenting a new environment where numerous ice floes are floating on the open sea surface. Whilst this has improved Arctic shipping navigability in an unprecedented way, the interaction of such floes with ships is yet to be understood to aid the designing of ships and route planning for this region. To further explore this topic, the present work develops a procedure to derive an empirical equation that can predict the effects of such floes on ship resistance. Based on a validated computational approach, extensive data are extracted from simulations of three different ships with varying operational and environmental conditions. The ice-floe resistance is shown to strongly correlate with ship beam, ship buttock angle, ship waterline angle, ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter, and the regression powers of each of the parameters on resistance are ascertained. This leads to a generic empirical equation that can swiftly predict ice-floe resistance for a given ship in a given condition. Subsequently, demonstrations are given on the incorporation of the derived equation into a set of real-time Arctic ship performance model and voyage planning tool, which can predict a ship's fuel consumption in ice-infested seas and dynamically suggest a route with the least safety concern and fuel consumption. Moreover, the equation is validated by providing ice resistance prediction for experimental and full-scale conditions from multiple sources, showing high accuracy. In conclusion, the empirical equation is shown to give valid and rapid estimates for ice-floe resistance, providing valuable insights into ship designs for the region, as well as facilitating practical applications for polar navigation.     

长江宜宾—重庆河段急滩消滩水力指标研究*

急滩是山区河流浅滩、急滩和险滩三大主要碍航滩险类型之一。介绍和评述了确定消滩水力指标的5种主要方法:经验分析法、航行阻力推算法、实船试验法、船模试验法和数学船模法。采用航行阻力推算法和船模试验法对长江宜宾至重庆河段急滩消滩水力指标进行研究,确定了消滩比降、流速组合,可作为急滩整治设计依据的关键参数。     

考虑航行姿态变化的的高速船阻力性能预报

为了精确获得高速船的航行阻力,计及航行姿态变化对其阻力的影响。基于CFD理论,本文通过耦合求解计及黏性的RANS和船体运动方程的方式实时预报船体受力,船体根据受力进行姿态调整,最终达到平衡,以此预报船舶在高速运动稳定后的航行姿态及阻力。并将一系列的数值计算结果与试验数据对比分析,数值计算结果和实验数据吻合良好。船舶设计工作者可以参考数值计算结果辅助船体型线设计,其具有重要的工程应用价值。     

乌江银盘船闸枯水期实船试航研究*

为检验新建银盘船闸枯水期通航条件,对船闸的通航设施、下游引航道以及实船试航进行了同步观测。结果表明,引航道口门区水流条件基本满足船闸规范要求,但通航设施设计存在缺陷,导致过闸时间偏长。试验还发现,由于电站尾水直冲下引航道口门区域,汛期水流条件不容乐观。在提出复核阀门开启方式等措施的同时,建议选择适当的乌江洪水流量进行观测试验。     

Improving operational safety during icebreaker operations

The study presented in this paper aims at investigating what safety measures that can be taken to improve the operational safety during icebreaker operations in the Baltic Sea. During icebreaker operations, the icebreaker and the assisted vessel operate in close proximity to each other, a distance which can be even smaller if weather and ice conditions are severe. This poses a severe threat to the operation, since the extremely short distance between the vessels leaves no room for error. The results, which are based on data collected through individual interviews and questionnaires, indicate several possible improvements. Firstly, on a regulatory level, the introduction of an ice navigation certificate for deck officers would set a minimal level of formal competency. Secondly, on a knowledge level, more ice navigation training and better language skills work in favour for the safety. Thirdly, on a technical level, having an electronic chart with target tracking capability increases the efficiency and safety of the passage through ice. In addition to these results, this study shows a need to further research the communication and language situation during icebreaker operations.     

The use of operational modal analysis and mode tracking for insight into polar vessel operations

Accurate dynamic models of flexible ship structures are required to predict structural vibration caused by environmental loads. Knowledge of dynamic or modal properties are important, for example, to study fatigue damage. In this paper, operational modal analysis (OMA) is used to identify the vibration characteristics of a polar vessel from full-scale acceleration measurements. Five modes are tracked over a range of different operating and environmental conditions, including calm, open water, two ice cases and an open water storm. Compared to the calm, open water conditions, vertical bending modes were generally affected the most by the operating environment, with natural frequency and damping increasing up to 3.7 and 349 %, respectively, in ice. Severity of two-node and three-node vertical bending responses, quantified using a root-mean-square value, were found to be especially large during the open water storm case. Temporal behaviour of two-node and three-node vertical bending due to wave-slamming further contained multiple whipping responses, pointing towards possible cumulative damage over a large number of stress cycles occurring at the midship. Higher damping in ice resulted in responses with lower magnitudes and shorter durations.