电动汽车蓄电池键合图建模及仿真

对蓄电池建模方式进行探讨并采用等效电路法建模，对SOC的计算进行比较讨论后采用更加合理的算法，对蓄电池散热系统及热系统的键合图建模方法进行深入探讨，建立了散热系统的键合图模型。利用键合图建模方法的优势，将蓄电池等效电路的键合图模型和散热系统的键合图模型耦合在一起，建立了蓄电池系统的键合图模型，并由此导出数学模型，进一步建立仿真模型，实现了蓄电池的动态仿真，并与试验结果进行比较得到很好的效果。     

键合图理论在汽车系统分析与控制中的应用

本文分析了键合图理论特点，简介了键合图基本原理及国内外发展概况，重点论述了键合图理论在汽车系统分析与控制的建模和仿真的应用。     

HEV驱动系统的键合图建模和仿真计算

在深入研究某种混合动力汽车(HEV)驱动系统及其各单元动态特性的相互关系的基础上，运用键合图原理对该系统进行数学建模，并应用Matlab／Simulink进行仿真计算和研究。研究表明，所建模型较准确地反映HEV的动态特性，并发现由于多动力耦合中弹性与柔性耦合影响导致的载荷与运动波动，并证明调整阻尼可有效减小波动。     

动力总成半主动悬置动态特性仿真与试验研究

分析了某轿车动力总成半主动悬置的结构及工作原理,应用键合图理论建立了该悬置系统键合图模型和数学模型,并进行了系统动态特性仿真计算。仿真结果与台架试验结果对比表明,悬置在低频段仿真与试验结果具有良好的一致性,验证了采用键合图方法研究悬置低频动态特性的适用性和可信性。该研究可为半主动悬置结构设计及动态特性仿真分析提供参考。     

基于键图理论的汽车平顺性仿真分析

探讨键图理论用于汽车平顺性仿真分析的方法,将所建立的汽车四自由度振动键图模型与Matlab的Simulink仿真工具箱仿真方框图相连接,直接利用Simulink的可视化功能,实现汽车平顺性可视化仿真。键图模型和Simulink仿真工具箱的连接可使键图理论在汽车系统仿真分析研究中更为简便、快捷。     

基于键合图的车用蓄电池建模与仿真

按照键合图的规则,分别建立了蓄电池等效电路的键合图模型和冷却系统的键合图模型,然后将电系统和热系统耦合在一起,实现了蓄电池系统的键合图模型,最后建立了蓄电池的数学模型和仿真模型,并实现了动态仿真。     

基于汽车悬架设计中的键合图法

简要地介绍了键合图基本原理,建立了汽车八自由度振动系统的键合图模型,推导出状态方程。应用现代控制论方法,指出了应用键合图理论对悬架参数进行优化的方便性与实用性。     

Bond Graphs for Vehicle Dynamics

For the purposes of analyzing the stability and control properties of aircraft, automobiles, and ships, it is convenient to idealize the vehicle as a rigid body and to use a body-centered coordinate frame. A six-port bond graph is first developed which represents the nonlinear dynamics of a rigid body in a coordinate system rotating with the body. It is then shown how the graph simplifies if only lateral or longitudinal dynamics are studied. Finally, bond graphs for the type of stability studies in which the assumption of small perturbations permits linearization are shown for elementary models of automobiles and aircraft.     

基于桥面不平顺的车桥耦合振动分析

把车辆和桥梁结构看成相互作用的两个子系统,分别建立二者的力学模型和振动微分方程。在求解过程中,通过位移协调条件和两个子系统间相互作用力相等的原则把两个子系统的振动微分方程耦合起来。利用有限元分析软件ANYSYS的二次开发语言APDL编写了求解车桥系统耦合振动微分方程的迭代计算命令流。以桥面不平顺为激振源,分析了主跨为550 m的福建长门大桥当多车辆通过时在各级桥面不平顺情况下的动力响应。计算结果表明,随着桥面不平顺程度的增加,桥梁结构和车体的动力响应均呈非线性增大,其中桥梁主跨跨中位移、主跨最外侧拉索应力和车辆加速度变化显著。     

Bond Graphs for Vehicle Dynamics

SUMMARY

For the purposes of analyzing the stability and control properties of aircraft, automobiles, and ships, it is convenient to idealize the vehicle as a rigid body and to use a body-centered coordinate frame. A six-port bond graph is first developed which represents the nonlinear dynamics of a rigid body in a coordinate system rotating with the body. It is then shown how the graph simplifies if only lateral or longitudinal dynamics are studied. Finally, bond graphs for the type of stability studies in which the assumption of small perturbations permits linearization are shown for elementary models of automobiles and aircraft.     

Energy Requirements of a Passive and an Electromechanical Active Suspension System

Passive suspensions are designed to dissipate the energy otherwise transferred to a vehicle's body through interactions with a roadway or terrain. A bond graph representation of an independent suspension design was developed to study the energy flow through a vehicle. The bond graph model was tuned and validated through experimental tests and was found to produce suitable results. Examining the bond graph reveals that the dissipated energy associated with vertical and transverse coordinates generally originates from the longitudinal motion of the vehicle and is transferred through the tire-ground contact patch. Additionally, since the longitudinal energy originates from the vehicle's engine, the energy dissipated via the suspension shock absorber as well as other components (e.g., mechanical joints, etc.) essentially dissipate some engine energy. The plots presented in the paper support this theory by showing that upon traveling a rough terrain, the vehicle's longitudinal velocity drops more when vertical vibrations increase. Results show that a vehicle equipped with a passive suspension experiences a larger velocity drop compared to one with an active suspension traversing the same rough terrain. The paper compares the results of simulation of an analytical bond graph model of an active suspension system with experimental results and finds good agreement between the two. Other simulations show that relative to passive suspensions, not only do active suspensions yield substantial improvement in ride quality, they can also result in substantial energy savings. This paper concludes that if electromechanical actuators are supplemented by passive springs to support the vehicle static weight, the amount of energy required for operation of actuators is significantly less than the amount dissipated by conventional shock absorbers.     

Energy Requirements of a Passive and an Electromechanical Active Suspension System

Passive suspensions are designed to dissipate the energy otherwise transferred to a vehicle's body through interactions with a roadway or terrain. A bond graph representation of an independent suspension design was developed to study the energy flow through a vehicle. The bond graph model was tuned and validated through experimental tests and was found to produce suitable results. Examining the bond graph reveals that the dissipated energy associated with vertical and transverse coordinates generally originates from the longitudinal motion of the vehicle and is transferred through the tire-ground contact patch. Additionally, since the longitudinal energy originates from the vehicle's engine, the energy dissipated via the suspension shock absorber as well as other components (e.g., mechanical joints, etc.) essentially dissipate some engine energy. The plots presented in the paper support this theory by showing that upon traveling a rough terrain, the vehicle's longitudinal velocity drops more when vertical vibrations increase. Results show that a vehicle equipped with a passive suspension experiences a larger velocity drop compared to one with an active suspension traversing the same rough terrain. The paper compares the results of simulation of an analytical bond graph model of an active suspension system with experimental results and finds good agreement between the two. Other simulations show that relative to passive suspensions, not only do active suspensions yield substantial improvement in ride quality, they can also result in substantial energy savings. This paper concludes that if electromechanical actuators are supplemented by passive springs to support the vehicle static weight, the amount of energy required for operation of actuators is significantly less than the amount dissipated by conventional shock absorbers.     

Simulation of Multibody Vehicles Moving over Elastic Guideways1

This paper describes the present state of a general purpose computer program for calculating the dynamic response of vehicles travelling over guideways which may be elastic.

The linearized state-equations of motion for general multibody vehicles are constructed automatically by the program, these equations are supplemented by the equations for the active subsystems. Finally, the vehicle system equations are combined with the modal equations for elastic guideways and the complete set of coupled equations is solved simultaneously by numerical integration.     

键合图理论在汽车振动分析中的应用

本文应用键合图理论建立了汽车5自由度振动系统的键图模型并推导出状态方程。编制了动态仿真程序,计算了国产某轻型越野车和某轻型货车驶过三角形单个凸起时的振动响应,分析了悬架参数对振动的影响,指出了提高该车平顺性的途径。进行了轻型货车实车试验并将试验结果与计算结果做了对照,证明所选模型和所编程序是正确的和实用的。     

键合图理论在传统汽车传动系参数优化中的应用

介绍了键合图的基本理论和汽车动力传动系参数优化的一般方法,利用键合图理论推导汽车动力传动系参数的优化目标函数及其计算的全过程,通过对实际车辆的优化,验证将键合图理论应用到汽车动力传动系参数优化计算中是合理的。     

越野汽车机械自动变速闭锁与滑差液压控制系统动态特性研究

根据越野汽车机械自动变速系统的特点和液力变矩器滑差与闭锁离合器的控制原理,设计了换挡、滑差和闭锁液压控制系统,并确定了滑差和闭锁控制区域。利用功率键合图法,建立了液压控制系统的数学模型,在对原系统稳定性进行分析的基础上,采用极点配置法对极点进行配置,保证了系统的稳定性。对液压控制系统进行动态仿真,同时对闭锁、滑差过程进行了试验验证。     

Hybrid modeling of seat-cab coupled system for truck

For the complex structure and vibration characteristics of the seat and cab system of truck, there is no reliable theoretical model for the suspensions design at present, which seriously restricts the improvement of ride comfort. In this paper, a 4 degree-of-freedom seat-cab coupled system model was presented; using the mechanism modeling method, its vibration equations were built; then, by the tested cab suspensions excitations and seat acceleration response, its parameters identification mathematical model was established. Combining the tested signals and a simulation model with the parameters identification mathematical model, a new method of hybrid modeling of seat-cab coupled system was presented. With a practical example of seat and cab system, the parameters values were identified and validated by simulation and test. The results show that the model and method proposed are correct and reliable, and lay a good foundation for the optimal design of seat suspension and cab suspensions to improve ride comfort.     

Effect of curved track support failure on vehicle derailment

In order to investigate the effect of curved track support failure on railway vehicle derailment, a coupled vehicle–track dynamic model is put forward. In the model, the vehicle and the structure under rails are, respectively, modelled as a multi-body system, and the rail is modelled with a Timoshenko beam rested on the discrete sleepers. The lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the beam are taken into account. The model also considers the effect of the discrete support by sleepers on the coupling dynamics of the vehicle and track. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the calculation of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the normal forces of the wheels/rails are calculated using the Hertzian contact theory and their creep forces are determined with the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al [Z.Y. Shen, J.K. Hedrick, and J.A. Elkins, A comparison of alternative creep-force models for rail vehicle dynamic analysis, Proceedings of the 8th IAVSD Symposium, Cambridge, MA, 1984, pp. 591–605]. The motion equations of the vehicle/track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. The failure of the components of the curved track is simulated by changing the track stiffness and damping along the track. The cases where zero to six supports of the curved rails fail are considered. The transient derailment coefficients are calculated. They are, respectively, the ratio of the wheel/rail lateral force to the vertical force and the wheel load reduction. The contact points of the wheels/rails are in detail analysed and used to evaluate the risk of the vehicle derailment. Also, the present work investigates the effect of friction coefficient, axle load and vehicle speed on the derailments under the condition of track failure. The numerical results obtained indicate that the failure of track supports has a great influence on the whole vehicle running safety.     

一种基于Fourier-Bessel级数求解FRP筋粘结锚固径向反应的解析方法

根据FRP筋表面沿纵向呈周期的特性,提出了一种基于Fourier-Bessel级数求解FRP筋粘结锚固径向反应的实用解析方法。从轴对称问题的基本方程出发,利用标准化Fourier-Bessel级数三角函数等式,推导了修正贝塞尔方程,得到了各向同性材料和横观各向同性材料的解析解,最后针对FRP筋粘结式锚具的边界条件,得到了钢套筒约束的粘结介质以及FRP筋在径向应力作用下的位移和应力计算公式。解析解与有限元解基本一致,验证了基于Fourier-Bessel级数求解FRP筋粘结锚固的径向反应是一种可靠的、实用的解析方法。计算表明,在径向应力作用下,对于钢套筒约束的粘结介质和CFRP筋,轴向位移在粘结界面的径向应力中心位置处最大;钢套筒外壁的径向位移仅为粘结界面处的径向位移1/8;CFRP筋的径向位移在中心轴为零,并向筋材表面线性增加。