Modified Nafion polymer electrolyte membranes by ��-ray irradiation used in direct methanol fuel cells

Modification of the commercial polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) Nafion 117 by ??-ray irradiation to produce an improved proton exchange membrane for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) was described. The Nafion 117 membrane was exposed under ??-ray irradiation circumstance with the irradiation doses from 10³ to 10⁵ Gy. Subsequently the properties of the membrane itself, in terms of swelling ratio, water uptake rate, proton conductivity and methanol permeability, together with the performance of its membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in DMFC were analyzed and contrasted with the untreated material. When the Nafion 117 membrane was exposed under ??-ray irradiation circumstance, the degradation and crosslinking reactions occurred at the same time. Specific scopes of the ??-ray irradiation dose may cause the membrane crosslinking, thus reduce the membrane swelling ratio and decrease the methanol crossover. By reducing the membrane swelling ratio and methanol permeation, the single DMFC with the modified Nafion 117 membrane produced reasonable power density performance as high as 32W/m² under 2mol/L methanol solution at room temperature.     

Microstructure and hardness of Ni-xSi alloys

The microstructure and hardness of conventionally solidified Ni-xSi (x = 21.4%, 22%, 24%, 26%) alloys were investigated. The solidification microstructures of different Ni-Si alloys were observed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the phase composition was indentified under the help of energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The macro- and micro-hardness of the Ni-Si alloys at room temperature were also examined. The experimental results indicated that both the microstructure and hardness closely depended on the Si content. Due to the vast formation of primary ??-Ni₃₁Si₁₂ phase, the hardness of Ni-26.0%Si alloy was significantly improved compared with that of Ni-21.4%Si eutectic alloy. However, the fracture toughness was greatly weakened simultaneously. The (?? ₁-Ni₃Si+??-Ni₃₁Si₁₂) lamellar eutectoid structure formed in the primary ??-Ni₃₁Si₁₂ phase exhibited better ductility than single ??-Ni₃₁Si₁₂ phase at the cost of relatively small hardness reduction.     

Grain refining mechanism of carbon inoculation on Mg-Al alloy

The processing parameters and refining mechanism of Mg-Al alloy treated with a newly developed carbon inoculant under different conditions were investigated experimentally in this work. Results show that the finest ??-Mg grain in AZ91D alloy can be obtained after processing at about 740°C, and the average grain size of ??-Mg grain decreases from about 180.4 to 85.6 ??m by adding mass fraction w _in = 1% inoculant into melt. However, no evident refinement was achieved with excessive inoculant for Mn-free Mg-9Al alloy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis on the Mn-contained intermediate phase and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that Mn element plays an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation of ??-Mg grain. In the early stage of solidification, Al-Mn-C compound particles formed on the surface of Al₄C₃ nano-particles should be the potential nuclei for primary ??-Mg and probably responsible for the grain refinement achieved in the carbon inoculation process.     

Hydrogen adsorption by woodceramics produced from biomass

Hydrogen adsorption characteristics of woodceramics, made from radiata pine wood fiber boards carbonized at 1 473K after impregnation with phenolic resin, with and without chemical treatment in an alkaline (KOH) or an acid (H₂SO₄) solution were investigated The hydrogen adsorption capacity is improved by chemical treatment. The chemical treatment by KOH improves the adsorption capacity more than by H₂SO₄. The improvement of the capacity level, in any solution, is dependent on the type of chemical in the solution and its concentration. The maximum hydrogen capacity measured at 93K is mass fraction about w(H) = 2% for the woodceramics after chemical treatment in a volume fraction ?? = 50% KOH solution, although that is about w(H) = 0.7% for one without chemical treatment. The microscopic condition of pores in the woodceramics is thought to vary after chemical treatment.     

siRNA阻断NF-κB信号通路抑制胃癌SGC-7901细胞的增殖及侵袭

目的采用RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)技术下调胃癌细胞株SGC-7901中NF-κB p65基因的表达,探讨其对肿瘤细胞增殖活性和侵袭能力的影响。方法利用阳离子脂质体LipofectamineTM2000将化学合成的人NF-κB p65的小干扰RNA(small interference RNA,siRNA)转染入胃癌细胞株SGC-7901中。采用RT-PCR法测定细胞内NF-κB p65mRNA的表达;酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测NF-κB亚单位p65的DNA结合活性的改变;采用MTT法测定细胞增殖活性的变化;利用Transwell侵袭实验检测细胞体外侵袭能力的变化。结果与对照组比较,化学合成的人NF-κB p65siRNA能有效地抑制SGC-7901细胞中NF-κB p65mRNA的表达(P<0.05);RelAsiRNA组的p65亚单位与DNA结合活性明显低于对照组(P<0.05),并且RelA siRNA组中SGC-7901细胞的体外侵袭力减弱,增殖活性降低。结论特异的siRNA可以有效阻断NF-κB信号通路,影响人胃癌细胞的增殖活性和体外侵袭能力。     

环氧合酶-2和ki-67在宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达

目的研究环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和ki-67在慢性宫颈炎、宫颈上皮内瘤样变(CIN)、宫颈鳞状细胞癌(SCC)中的表达及其相关性。方法RT-PCR法检测COX-2 mRNA在正常、炎性、CIN组织和SCC组织中的表达;免疫组化法检测各组中COX-2和ki-67蛋白的表达。结果COX-2 mRNA和蛋白在正常组无表达,在炎性、CIN和SCC组表达升高(P<0.05),COX-2蛋白的表达与肿瘤体积和浸润深度有关(P<0.05)。ki-67在正常组中偶有表达,在炎性组和CIN组表达增高,在SCC组显著增高(P<0.01)。COX-2与ki-67蛋白的表达相关(r=0.675,P<0.001)。结论COX-2表达增高可能是宫颈癌发生发展的早期事件,与细胞异常增生有关。     

Improvements of elevated temperature strength and creep resistance of Mg-12Zn-4Al based alloy with calcium addition

A series of Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn (ZA124) based alloys with additions of calcium have been prepared and their microstructure and properties have been investigated. The results show that Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn alloy consists of the ??-Mg matrix and block quasicrystal and exhibits excellent creep resistance compared to commonly used AZ91 alloy. A small amount of calcium addition to the ZA124 based alloys increased the yield strenghth at both ambient and elevated temperatures as well as creep resistance, although the ductility decreased slightly. Microanalysis indicated that the addition of calcium decreased the quasicrystalline phase and caused the formation of some lamellar precipitates of Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ with orthorhombic crystal structure. This Ca-containing Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ phase with high stability straddled the grain boundaries and strengthened grain boundaries by inhibiting crack propagation during creep tests at elevated temperature.     

ROLE OF ANTISENSE AND DECOY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE OF NF-κB IN VESSEL STENOSIS AND NEOINTIMA FORMATION IN BALLOON-INJURED RAT ARTERY

Objective To examine antisense and decoy oligonucleotides of nuclear factor kappa B in vivo effects on intima proliferation and balloon-injured monocytes chemotactic protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) and extracellular signal regulated kinase-2 ( ERK2 ) expression in the carotid artery of rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats underwent balloon-dilation injury of the left carotid artery. Rats are divided into 7 groups ( n = 18 ) and each group includes 6 time points (6 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 d) ( n =3). Uninjured right carotid artery of the same rat was used as controls. Results In model group, sense group and scramble group, vessel intima area , media area and intima/media ratio increased after 5 d and reached the maximum after 7 d. The effect of antisense plus decoy group on intimal hyperplasia was more obvious than that of antisense group and decoy group alone. MCP-1 mRNA expression was increased expression continuously at 3, 5 and 7 d and decreased at 14 d. Compared with model group, sense group and scramble group, antisense group, decoy group and antisense plus decoy group had lowered MCP-1 mRNA expression in each time point ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). NF-κB p65 was dispersed positive stain 6 h after injury and increased after 1 d and peaked at 7 d, but the protein expression was weak at 14 d. ERK2 protein synthesis increased at 1 d and reached the peak at 7 d, while protein expression after 14 d was similar to that at 7 d. Treatment of antisense group,decoy group and antisense plus decoy group inhibited protein synthesis more significantly than those of model group,sense group and scramble group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusion NF-κB modulates genes expression and protein synthesis of MCP-1 and ERK2. Celluar proliferation in vessel wall was dynamically changed after balloon angioplasty injury. Antisense and decoy oligonucleotide of NF-κB by local lipofectamine transfer inhibit NF-κB activating gene modulation and neointimal hyperplasia.     

萘丁美酮在混合反流模型干预治疗中的作用

目的探讨萘丁美酮在混合反流模型干预治疗中的作用。方法健康SD大鼠100只,随机分为反流模型组(Y组,46只)、萘丁美酮组(R组,46只)和正常对照组(C组,8只)。分别观察Y组、R组术后5、17、28、40周及C组40周时食管黏膜的病理改变,检测环氧合酶-2(COX-2)、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、细胞周期蛋白D1(CD1)的表达情况。结果①R组不同时段的损伤积分和Barrett食管(BE)的发生率均低于Y组。②Y组COX-2、PCNA及CD1从正常→反流性食管炎(RE)→BE→食管腺癌(EAC)的阳性表达率和表达程度逐渐增强。③R组不同时段COX-2、PCNA、CD1的表达均低于Y组,且COX-2表达程度和阳性表达率与Y组相比均有统计学意义(P<0.05);R组40周PCNA的表达程度及阳性表达率与Y组相比有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论COX-2、PCNA和CD1基因的高表达参与了从RE→BE→EAC的发展过程,是BE、EAC发生、发展的早期分子事件。萘丁美酮可影响COX-2、PCNA和CD1的表达,减轻炎症的程度并减缓病程的进展,降低BE和重度不典型增生的发生率,抑制腺癌的发生。     

胆汁致胃黏膜损伤中瘦素、环氧合酶-2及p27的表达

目的通过大鼠实验模型观察瘦素(leptin)、环氧合酶-2(COX-2)及p27在胆汁所致胃黏膜损伤中的作用。方法SD大鼠分成4组:十二指肠胃反流(duodenogastric reflux,DGR)组、DGR 胆管结扎(bile duct ligation,BDL)组、胆管结扎组(BDL)、假手术组(control,C)组。术后12周处死大鼠,观察胃黏膜损害及病理组织学改变,计算DIX-ON积分;免疫组化(SP)法检测各组大鼠胃黏膜瘦素、COX-2及p27表达。结果DIXON积分DGR组、DGR BDL组较BDL组及假手术组积分均升高(P<0.05),DGR组较DGR BDL组DIXON积分升高(P<0.05);DGR组、DGR BDL组与BDL组及假手术组比较大鼠胃黏膜瘦素、COX-2高表达(P<0.05),p27低表达(P<0.05),DGR组比DGR BDL组高表达尤为明显(P<0.05)。DIXON积分与瘦素、COX-2表达呈正相关,与p27表达呈负相关。结论胆汁反流致胃黏膜损伤过程中,瘦素、COX-2及p27蛋白与病变的修复过程有关。     

幽门螺杆菌感染与胃黏膜环氧化酶-2表达的关系

目的　探讨幽门螺杆菌 (H .pylori)感染与胃黏膜环氧化酶 2 (COX 2 )表达的关系。 方法　用免疫组化方法检测 2 0例H .pylori阳性、14例H .pylori阴性的慢性胃炎胃窦黏膜COX 2表达 ,比较根除H .pylori前后胃窦黏膜COX 2表达的变化。结果　H .pylori阳性患者COX 2平均阳性细胞率 [(3 5.8± 5.5) % ]显著高于H .pylori阴性者(P <0 .0 1) ;成功根除H .pylori的 15例患者 ,治疗前胃黏膜COX 2平均阳性细胞率明显高于治疗后 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　H .pylori感染诱导胃黏膜COX 2表达     

原位杂交检测胃癌组织中几种细胞因子的mRNA变化

目的　了解早期胃癌向晚期胃癌进展中 ,局部免疫微环境的变化。方法　用地高辛标记的寡核苷酸探针原位杂交技术 ,检测 1 3例早期胃癌 ,2 0例晚期胃癌组织中与调节免疫反应密切相关的IFN γ、IL 2、IL 1 0、GM CSF、TGF β五种细胞因子mRNA表达的情况。 结果　胃癌进展过程中 ,IFN γ/IL 1 0比值明显下降 ,Th2型反应随肿瘤进展而加重 ;随着疾病的进展 ,肿瘤间质及实质中IFN γ、IL 2阳性细胞减少 ,几乎难以找到 ;Th2型因子IL 1 0和TGF βmRNA在瘤实质的表达明显增强 (P <0 0 5 ) ,且IL 1 0与TGF β表达的增多主要是由于肿瘤细胞大量表达所致。结论　胃癌进展过程中 ,局部Th2型反应逐步增强 ,免疫抑制逐渐加深。肿瘤局部微环境的这种变化为肿瘤逃逸宿主免疫监视提供了有利条件。这些发现为设计肿瘤免疫治疗方案提供了依据。     

紫杉醇诱导人肺腺癌多药耐药细胞系的建立及DNA polβ、mdr1、mrp1、GST-πl、rp和topo Ⅱ基因的表达

目的体外建立人肺腺癌细胞多药耐药细胞系,观察其生物学特性并探讨其细胞内DNA polβ和多药耐药基因mdr1、mrp1、GST-πl、rp和topo Ⅱ的表达及意义。方法以紫杉醇为诱导药,采用间歇逐步增加剂量法建立人肺腺癌多药耐药细胞系A549/TXL20;MTT法检测A549/TXL20对紫杉醇、顺铂、长春新碱、5-氟尿嘧啶和丝裂霉素的耐药指数(RF);细胞克隆形成法测定A549/TXL20对紫杉醇的敏感性;高效液相色谱测定细胞内紫杉醇的浓度;RT-PCR法测定人肺腺癌多药耐药细胞系A549/TXL20中DNA polβ、mdr1、GST-π、mrp1l、rp和topo Ⅱ的基因表达。结果①A549/TXL20形态不规则,较亲本细胞略小,核/浆比增加,倍增时间没有明显变化;②A549/TXL20对紫杉醇的RF为19.3,对顺铂的RF为67.4,对长春新碱、5-氟尿嘧啶、丝裂霉素和顺铂等抗癌药物有不同程度的耐药性;③A549/TXL20对紫杉醇的敏感性降低,其紫杉醇的含量较亲本细胞下降;④A549/TXL20细胞中DNA polβ、mdr1、GST-π、mrp1l、rp的基因表达量分别较A549细胞中的表达量明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论建立了相对稳定的人肺腺癌多药耐药细胞系A549/TXL20,其耐药机制可能与mdr1、GST-π、mrp1l、rp和DNA polβ基因的高表达有关。     

COX-2、VEGF的表达和胃癌血管生成的关系

目的　探讨环氧化酶 2 (COX 2 )、血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)与胃癌血管生成的关系。方法　用免疫组化SP法检测 4 5例胃癌、癌旁组织COX 2、VEGF和MVD的表达。结果　胃癌组织COX 2、VEGF和MVD的表达明显高于癌旁组织。COX 2 (+)或VEGF(+)组MVD(6 1.2 9± 14 .31;6 0 .0 7± 15 .86 )均显著高于COX 2 (- )或VEGF(- )组 (45 .38± 12 .4 2 ;4 3.0 6± 18.91,P <0 .0 5 ) ,COX 2、VEGF均为阳性组MVD(6 2 .4 6± 14 .34)明显高于两者均阴性组 (41.2 4± 13.6 5 ,P<0 .0 5 )或仅一项阳性组 (P <0 .0 5 )。COX 2、VEGF均与MVD显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ,COX 2与VEGF显著正相关 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　COX 2可能参与胃癌血管生成 ,VEGF可能是COX 2诱导肿瘤血管生成的重要介质     

Survey on arteriovenous fistula in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy

This paper summed up the characteristics of native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Chinese hemodialysis centers. A survey was conducted on AVF in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 DN. A total of 224 cases of maintenance hemodialysis patients were included in this study, among which, 65 cases in DN group, 33 cases in diabetes mellitus (DM) group and 126 cases in non-diabetic control (C) group. Hemoglobin, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphate product of the three groups of patients were not significantly different. Glycated hemoglobin A1c of DN group and DM group was not significant different. AVF life of (28.7 ± 10.0) months in DN group was significantly shorter than that of (36.5 ± 19.4) months in C group (statistic probability P <0.01), and AVF life of (32.5 ± 10.1) months in DM group (P <0.05) was also shorter than that in C group, while there was no significant difference in AVF life between DN group and DM group. Proportion of upper arm fistula in DN patients (11/65) was significantly higher than that in C group (6/123, P < 0.01). Life of AVF in patients with DN was relatively short, with more times of angioplasty and greater possibility of selecting upper arm internal fistula.     

利多卡因对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马组织细胞间黏附分子-1及核转录因子-κB表达的影响

目的观察利多卡因对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马组织细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白和mRNA表达的影响,探讨利多卡因脑保护作用的机制。方法雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为假手术组(A组)、缺血再灌注组(B组)、利多卡因小剂量组(C组)和利多卡因大剂量组(D组),缺血前10 min腹腔注射。脑缺血10 min再灌注24 h时,断头处死大鼠。用RT-PCR技术检测海马组织ICAM-1及NF-κB mRNA的表达,用免疫组织化学、蛋白印记(Western blot)方法检测ICAM-1及NF-κB蛋白表达情况。结果脑缺血再灌注后海马组织ICAM-1和NF-κB mRNA及蛋白表达水平增高,利多卡因可下调ICAM-1及NF-κB表达;缺血再灌注后,海马区神经元出现明显坏死,利多卡因可减轻海马区神经元损伤。结论利多卡因可能通过抑制ICAM-1与NF-κB基因表达而对脑缺血再灌注损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

乙型肝炎病毒感染者白细胞介素2活性的改变及其与病毒复制的关系

本文采用ConA活化小鼠脾细胞~(125)I—UdR掺入法,对111例各型乙肝病毒(HBV)感染者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)诱生的白细胞介素2(IL-2)活性进行了检测,发现:①除急性肝炎患者和无症状HBsAg携带者外,其他各型HBV感染者IL-2活性均较正常对照组显著降低(P<0.01～0.05),降低程度与临床病型有关;②病毒复制指标(HBeAg、HBV—DNA)阳性组IL-2活性显著低于阴性组(P<0.01)。结果提示IL-2活性的改变在乙型肝炎发病机理中具有重要意义。     

环氧化酶-2在乳腺癌中的表达及其与血管生成的关系

目的　观察环氧化酶 2 (cyclooxygenase 2 ,COX 2 )在乳腺癌中的表达 ,探讨其对血管生成的影响。 方法　取1996年 2月至 1998年 3月在我院行乳腺癌改良根治术或根治术患者 80例术后石蜡包埋组织。应用免疫组织化学方法检测了COX 2和血管内皮生长因子 (vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)在乳腺癌中的表达 ,通过CD34单抗标记检测肿瘤微血管密度 (microvasculardensity ,MVD)。结果　COX 2和VEGF表达明显相关 ;COX 2和VEGF表达均与MVD相关 ;COX 2在 5 7.5 % (46 / 80 )乳腺癌中过表达 ,VEGF在 5 5 .0 % (44 / 80 )乳腺癌中过表达 ,与正常组织相比均具有显著差异。结论　COX 2与乳腺癌血管生成有关 ,VEGF可能是COX 2影响血管生成的一个重要介质     

First-principle investigation of the structural stability and electronic property of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu-Ni-Si alloys

The energetic and electronic structures of precipitates on the Cu-rich side of Cu-Ni-Si alloys were investigated by using the first-principle calculations based on plane-wave pseudopotential method. The negative formation heats and the cohesive energies of these precipitates were estimated with electronic structure calculations, and their structural stability was also analyzed. The results show that δ-Ni₂Si, γ-Ni₅Si₂ and β-Ni₃Si precipitates all have great alloying ability and structural stability, which, after comparing their density of states (DOS), is found attributed to the pseudogap effect near the Fermi level (E _F) and strong hybridization between the Ni-3d and Si-3p states. Compared with the other two precipitates, the δ-Ni₂Si precipitate has the greatest structural stability, which is resulted from its lower DOS at E _F and the main bonding peaks slightly moving to the low energy region.