小型船舶柴油机缸套表面环形槽结构的摩擦磨损性能试验

利用同种表面纹理缸套(环形槽结构)在不同工况下进行试验来获取摩擦特性数据,通过对各工况下缸套摩擦特性进行分析,得出表面环形槽结构在一定工况条件下能够对摩擦副的摩擦性能有一定改善。该研究可为船舶柴油机缸套表面减磨以及运行工况优化等提供试验基础。     

Efficient methods to mitigate SCR-induced walking of short subsea flowlines

Steel catenary riser is a long-established option for subsea projects in deep-water regions. Sustained pulling force of steel catenary risers on subsea flowlines in combination with cyclic thermal load throughout the system lifetime may lead to progressive global axial displacement of subsea pipelines which has been termed as ‘walking’. One of the challenges in the deep-water industry is long-term walking of subsea flowlines in a cumulative manner. Common practice methods for walking mitigation are quite expensive operations. State-of-the-art mitigation strategies are proposed in the paper by means of modifying pipe pieces before the installation operation. Bowed pipe pieces and miter joints are two recommended approaches for walking mitigation. The presented mitigation strategies are relatively cost-effective solutions for the pipe-walking challenge and they are able to considerably cease the potential cyclic walking. Comprehensive FE analyses in ABAQUS software are performed to evaluate the proposed deformed pipelines response subject to two loading conditions. Through-life integrity of the suggested pre-deformed pipeline is assessed in terms of effective axial force, local buckles and excessive axial strains. A comparison of the presented method with conventional techniques shows the effectiveness of the proposed configuration. The proposed methods can significantly reduce effective axial force throughout the subsea pipeline by means of artificially introduced deformations. The cumulative walking of the presented method is practically zero. In addition, the influence of combined triggering mechanisms to the walking phenomenon is assessed when the pipeline is located on a sloping seabed and it is subject to non-uniform thermal loads. A parametric study is performed to improve confidence in design and provide a reasonably practical technique with an optimal shape.     

Experimental and theoretical studies on lateral buckling of submarine pipelines

Global buckling of a submarine pipeline during high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) operation results in a loss of pipeline stability that is similar to a bar in compression; this phenomenon constitutes one of the key factors affecting pipeline integrity and design. To intuitively study the buckling response, a test system was designed that can account for thermal loading and pipe-soil interactions, and this system was used to perform a series of small-scale model tests on the lateral buckling of submarine pipelines with different initial imperfections. Based on the hat-shaped buckling profiles of the test pipelines, a new buckling mode called "hat-shaped buckling" was proposed. In an attempt to study the conditions under which the pipeline exhibits this hat-shaped buckling mode, the changing law of the buckling mode was investigated through finite element analyses of pipelines with different parameters, including the length of the pipeline and the amplitude and wavelength of the initial imperfection. Subsequently, an analytical solution for calculating the buckling amplitude of a pipeline with a hat-shaped buckling profile was proposed. The theoretical solution was compared to the experimental data, which verified the feasibility of the model in calculating pipeline buckling deformation. The experimental data, the buckling mode based on these data and the corresponding analytical model discussed herein may provide a reference for future experimental studies of pipeline buckling.     

基于VMD和RBF的舰船管路泄漏识别和定位

针对工作环境恶劣、维护保养不便的舰船管路难以迅速定位泄漏点并对其进行损害管制,提出了一种基于VMD和RBF的舰船管路泄漏识别和定位方法。首先,对管路泄漏产生的空化现象、湍流和流体与管路的摩擦进行分析,研究影响泄漏产生激励的因素；然后,提出一种基于变分模态分解(VMD)与径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的管路泄漏识别和定位方法,通过VMD得到有效分量的中心频率和能量值分别构造特征向量,输入RBF神经网络以达到泄漏识别和定位目的；最后,模拟舰船环境,搭建泄漏管路试验平台,分析泄漏管路不同工况下的振动信号,并对RBF神经网络的诊断准确率进行验证。实测舰船管路故障信号分析表明,泄漏识别的准确率为90%,泄漏定位的准确率为87.5%。     

Snap behaviour in the upheaval buckling of subsea pipelines under topographic step imperfection

Pipelines exposed to high temperature and high pressure with a topographic step imperfection are susceptible to the phenomenon of upheaval buckling potentially leading to a hazard for the structural integrity of the pipeline. To analyse this problem we derive analytical upheaval buckling solutions and obtain the locations of maximum displacement and maximum axial compressive stress. We also analyse the typical post-buckling behaviour and its dependence on step height, axial soil resistance and wall thickness. The difference in behaviour between a pipeline with step imperfection and one with a symmetric prop imperfection is discussed. Our results show that a pipeline with a step imperfection is more prone to upheaval buckling than a perfect pipeline. For sufficiently small step heights the pipeline may suffer a snap-back instability under decreasing thermal loading, raising the possibility of hysteretic snap behaviour under cyclic thermal loading (for instance caused by periodic start-ups and shut-downs). The snap-back buckling disappears for large enough step height and the minimum critical temperature difference decreases with increasing step height and wall thickness or with decreasing axial soil resistance. The maximum compressive stress decreases with increasing step height and axial soil resistance or with decreasing wall thickness. A pipeline with step imperfection is safer than one with a symmetric prop imperfection.     

异步真空预压法处理超软土的室内试验及机理*

针对真空预压处理超软地基过程中出现的排水板滤膜外土颗粒聚集现象,提出并通过室内试验研究一种新型真空预压方式——异步真空预压法。该法对相邻的竖向排水体在同一时间下施加不同的真空度,实现对超软土的异步真空吸水预压,缓解因土颗粒单向迁移造成排水体滤膜及膜外土体的淤堵。通过室内试验发现,真空度调节对真空预压的处理效果具有明显影响,同时,异步吸水真空预压排水量是常规真空预压的1.1倍,效果优于常规真空预压;通过对异步真空预压法的机理分析,认为异步真空预压法可保持零速面移动范围内的细颗粒含量,防止细颗粒的过量迁移,有助于缓解超软土的固结排水中的淤堵问题。     

大圆筒结构整体稳定性和水平变位三维数值模拟

大圆筒结构作为水运工程新型结构形式,受力机理复杂,行业内对其认识较为有限。为研究大圆筒结构整体稳定性和水平变位的影响因素,采用PLAXIS 3D软件模拟大圆筒结构在不同地基土密度、强度、刚度,不同筒内回填料密度、强度以及不同埋深工况下整体稳定性和水平变位。结果表明,大圆筒结构整体稳定性随地基土密度、摩擦角和埋深的增大而增加,随回填料密度增大而降低,与回填料摩擦角和地基土弹性模量无关;大圆筒结构水平变位随地基土密度、摩擦角、弹性模量和埋深的增大而减小,随回填料密度的增大而增大,与回填料摩擦角无关。该成果可为大圆筒结构设计提供参考依据。     

三峡水库蓄水后尺八口水道弯道段演变特性

针对三峡水库下游尺八口弯道段在三峡水库蓄水后的新水沙条件下,出现凸冲凹淤(撇弯切滩)的现象,采用原型资料分析、理论分析、数学模型等多种方法,对其演变机理进行研究。结果表明,三峡水库下游尺八口河段发生凸冲凹淤现象的主要影响因素为三峡水库蓄水运用后来水来沙条件的变化,并预测凸冲凹淤的现象持续发展的可能性较大。     

预压软土地基对超长群桩承载性状的影响

建立超长桩和土体共同作用的三维非线性有限元数值模型,采用预压排水固结法研究软土地基预压后超长桩的承载特性,分析地基土固结沉降、桩身侧摩阻力、桩顶位移-荷载曲线和桩身轴力的变化规律。通过运用控制变量法对预压时间和预压荷载以及不同土质的预压效果进行分析,对比分析单桩与群桩对预压效果的敏感度,并分析固结度对超长桩承载性状的影响。结果表明:预压能较好地改善地基、提高超长群桩的承载能力。增大预压荷载,可增大土体的固结沉降和桩身侧摩阻力;延长预压时间,可提高桩身侧摩阻力,减小桩顶沉降和桩身轴力;预压对群桩的影响好于单桩;固结度越大,超长群桩承载性能越好;对于粉质黏土、黏土以及淤泥质粉质黏土,当预压时间分别达到90 d及180 d时,地基固结基本完成,预压不再改变土的力学指标。     

水下挤密砂桩沉桩过程动力特性*

挤密砂桩施工过程中,经常遇到硬夹层无法穿透、桩管爆裂等难题,采用灵敏度高、测试数据可靠性好的光纤光栅FBG传感器对打桩过程中桩身和桩端进行应力测试,并根据测试数据得出挤密砂桩沉桩过程不同土性条件下动侧壁摩阻力与地质勘探的静侧摩阻力、动端阻力与静端阻力的经验关系,对于打桩锤选型及进行可打性分析具有重要的指导意义。根据桩身应力监测结果得出,偏心作用是导致桩管爆裂的主要原因,在施工过程进行桩身垂直度控制具有重要意义。     

无轴轮缘推进器的间隙流动功耗与散热

针对间隙流体的摩擦功耗及其对电机散热的影响问题,利用流体计算软件FLUENT计算不同结构参数和工况参数下间隙内的摩擦扭矩变化,并与经验公式得出的结果进行对比分析,结果显示两者相吻合。对考虑电机发热因素间隙流体的温度场分布进行数值计算,分析不同参数对间隙流体温度分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:轴向和径向间隙尺寸越大,间隙流体摩擦功耗均越大,但增大间隙尺寸对电机散热有利,因此间隙尺寸设计需综合考虑功耗、散热和磁场强度等;间隙尺寸和水流速度等是影响间隙流道温度场分布的关键因素,推进器工作产生的推力导致转子轴向移动,间隙流道功耗随之增加,温度场分布也发生变化。     

对相关规范中有关钻孔桩泥浆性能规定的分析

泥浆性能直接影响钻孔桩的承载力和桩侧摩阻力。讨论分析了建筑和公路桥涵施工规范对泥浆材料和性能指标的规定,指出了泥浆材料和性能指标是与钻孔桩的施工工艺、桩的规格、土层条件以及设计桩侧摩阻力的要求密切相关。     

单侧边载作用下黏土中单桩负摩阻力特性模型试验研究

桩基础边载作用会在桩周产生负摩阻力,进而危及软土地区高桩码头、人工岛、路基等工程的安全。通过开展黏土中单侧堆载作用下单桩室内模型试验,测定桩身应变、桩顶沉降和水平位移,研究边载作用距离和桩型对桩身轴力及弯矩的影响,探讨桩身负摩阻力、桩顶沉降和水平位移在黏土固结过程中的时间效应。结果表明:边载作用距离对桩身最大轴力和最大弯矩有较大影响;翼板桩会增加桩身最大轴力和最大弯矩;负摩阻力和有效应力系数随时间增长且增速趋缓;增加边载作用距离和添加翼板都会提升桩身中性点位置,在这两组试验中均提升了8.33%。     

湿陷性土引起的单桩负摩阻力理论预测模型

利用Randolph的桩土相互作用模型，建立了单层和多层湿陷性土引起的单桩桩周负摩阻力的预测模型，推导了单桩负摩阻力的预测公式。利用此公式，只需知道土体的剪切模量和静载荷试桩桩顶的沉降，便可以方便地对湿陷性土引起的单桩负摩阻力的分布进行预测。     

Large deformation coupled analysis of embedded pipeline – Soil lateral interaction

Subsea pipelines buried in the seabed may undergo large lateral displacement under environmental, operational, and accidental loads at different interaction rates and hence different drainage conditions. The undrained shear strength is commonly used in practice to assess the pipe-soil interaction assuming a sufficiently high displacement rate. This approach neglects consolidation effects and the rate-dependent response of the soil and may significantly underestimates the lateral resistance for a pipeline moving slowly relative to the ground. In this study, a coupled large deformation finite element (LDFE) framework is developed via a remeshing and interpolation technique with small strain (RITSS). A Modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model with efficient numerical integration is used. The proposed coupled LDFE framework is verified against selected physical model tests. Effects of the interaction rate and hence drainage condition on the p-y curve, excess pore pressure generation and dissipation, and failure mechanisms are discussed. An empirical relationship between the ultimate resistance and the normalized velocity of the pipe (denoting the drainage condition) is proposed, which may be applied for the integrity and safety analysis of buried pipes in landslide or fault-crossing regions.     

基于AFT-Impulse的FPSO生活水系统水锤防护设计

针对FPSO生活水管网系统输水距离长、管路弯曲多,以及阀门启闭频繁,极易引起管路水锤现象,致使管网系统安全运行风险增大的问题,以某FPSO生活水系统为例,结合生活水管网系统特性及水锤现象产生的机理,运用动态流体分析软件AFT-Impulse,开展水锤影响因素分析,明确水锤现象的主控因素;建立FPSO生活水系统模型,基于主控因素的影响,开展多工况多场景的稳态分析和瞬态分析,提出FPSO生活水系统水锤防护最优方案。     

板桩加固护岸桩身受力现场试验研究*

板桩侧摩阻力的大小和分布模式对板桩的沉降有较大影响,进而对板桩加固护岸结构的稳定产生影响,桩端至于相对硬土层的板桩护岸结构,对板桩沉降是一项重要研究内容。为了研究加固护岸板桩桩侧摩阻力的分布模式和大小,结合长湖申航道湖州段板桩加固护岸实体工程,通过在板桩预制过程中将钢筋应力计埋入板桩轴心处,完整测试了板桩在凝固硬化过程中钢筋应力计受力情况和护岸荷载施加过程中的板桩荷载传递机制,详细介绍了钢筋应力计的焊接及埋设方式。现场试验结果表明:混凝土凝固硬化过程对埋入板桩的钢筋应力计会产生较大的拉压应力并逐步趋于稳定;施工荷载对钢筋应力计受力的影响较大,在分析护岸荷载施加过程中板桩荷载传递机制时,需要对钢筋应力计进行重新标定;在护岸荷载作用下,桩身的上部轴力变化较大,而中部及下部轴力不仅变化较小而且轴力较大,即桩顶荷载易于向下传递;桩侧摩阻力在靠近桩顶附近得到了较大发挥,在距桩顶0.3 m范围内的桩侧摩阻力约占整个桩身摩阻力的40%;JGJ 94—2008《建筑桩基技术规范》推荐的极限桩侧摩阻力较大,实测最大值仅为推荐值的63.9%。     

土工模袋砂竖向抗压强度及其影响因素*

开展了不同尺寸、数量及充填度下的模袋砂单轴压缩试验,深入研究模袋砂界面摩擦特性、充填度及尺寸对其抗压强度和破坏机理的影响。基于现有研究成果,推导了综合考虑模袋砂间相互作用和充填度影响的模袋砂抗压强度计算公式。研究结果表明：单个模袋砂试验抗压强度远大于多个模袋砂试验结果,且随充填度的减小愈发显著,因此现有针对单个模袋砂的试验研究存在不足。模袋砂抗压强度随着充填度的增加而减小,尺寸效应对模袋砂受力变形规律影响很小,而对其承载力影响明显。不同充填度模袋砂破坏机理不尽相同,充填度较大时,模袋砂很快进入张拉变形而破坏,破坏主要发生在模袋缝制接口等相对薄弱处;随着充填度的减小,模袋砂破坏主要由砂应变局部化所致,表现为接触界面处的渐进破坏,因破坏不易发现而对实际工程较为不利。与试验结果对比表明,完善后的理论计算方法可用于模袋砂整体张拉破坏时抗压强度预测     

复杂悬跨条件下的管线涡激振动分析(英文)

Spans occur when a pipeline is laid on a rough undulating seabed or when upheaval buckling occurs due to constrained thermal expansion. This not only results in static and dynamic loads on the flowline at span sections, but also generates vortex induced vibration (VIV), which can lead to fatigue issues. The phenomenon, if not predicted and controlled properly, will negatively affect pipeline integrity, leading to expensive remediation and intervention work. Span analysis can be complicated by: long span lengths, a large number of spans caused by a rough seabed, and multi-span interactions. In addition, the complexity can be more onerous and challenging when soil uncertainty, concrete degradation and unknown residual lay tension are considered in the analysis. This paper describes the latest developments and a .state-of-the-art. finite element analysis program that has been developed to simulate the span response of a flowline under complex boundary and loading conditions. Both VIV and direct wave loading are captured in the analysis and the results are sequentially used for the ultimate limit state (ULS) check and fatigue life calculation.     

Reduction of skin friction by microbubbles and its relation with near-wall bubble concentration in a channel

Determination of the flow structure near the wall is essential for a clear insight into the phenomenon of skin friction reduction by microbubbles in a turbulent boundary layer. An important parameter, is the bubble concentration or void fraction in the wall region in drag-reducing conditions. The purpose of this paper is to show drag-reducing effects due to microbubbles in a water channel and, more importantly, to show the dependence of the drag-reduction values on the near-wall void fraction. A two-dimensional channel with an aspect ratio of 10 was specially built for this purpose with provisions for air injection through porous plates. Skin friction was directly measured by a miniature floating element transducer with a 5-mm circular sensing disk mounted flush on the top wall 67 channel-heights downstream of the injector. The wall friction in the presence of air bubbles was found to be reduced under the same bulk velocity when compared with the value without air. Detailed void fraction profiles across the channel were obtained by a sampling probe and a fiber-optic probe. Better collapse of the drag reduction data, independent of different profile shapes, was found when plotted against the near-wall void fraction than against a cross-sectional mean void fraction. While this dependence reconfirms that the phenomena are essentially inner-region dependent, the lack of influence of the bubble distribution patterns away from the wall implies lack of outer region influence.