双离合器自动变速器仿真研究

建立了双离合器自动变速器系统仿真模型,对双离合器自动变速器的动态特性进行了分析,并开发了换挡控制器。应用仿真软件对装有双离合器自动变速器的车辆进行了整车动态性能仿真。仿真结果表明,双离合器自动变速器具有和传统自动变速器相近的换挡品质。     

Conceptual design of economic hybrid vehicle system using clutchless geared smart transmission

Most hybrid vehicles employ the continuously variable transmission (CVT or eCVT) currently as their choice of the transmissions. Recently, an automated geared transmission (AGT) or dual clutch transmission (DCT) is being tried for some hybrid vehicles for the better fuel economy than the CVT hybrid. However, this AGT or DCT is using automated clutches which require the hydraulic power in addition to the slippage in the clutch plate invoking some energy loss as well as wear. Also, they require a motor with significant power to match to the engine power. The clutchless geared smart transmission (CGST) has no clutch and the clutch function is performed by a planetary gear system controlled by a motor-generator. The hybrid vehicles proposed here using CGST may have some merits in durability, fuel efficiency, and cost since they do not have clutches. The motor used for the clutch function can be also working for power merge with the engine in propelling the vehicle. The proposed hybrid system can be either mild hybrid or full hybrid by adopting a different capacity of battery with much smaller motor-generator due to the planetary gear system compared to the other type hybrid vehicles. In this study, the prospects of newly proposed CGST hybrid system are examined in practical aspects compared with AGT hybrid or DCT hybrid systems.     

具有双离合器的液力变矩器的结构设计

将液力变矩器与机械式自动变速器合理匹配可组成一种新型自动变速系统，其性能接近自动变速器，但成本降低。为该系统设计了具有双离合器(闭锁离合器，换档离合器)的液力变矩器。阐述了该液力变矩器的结构、工作原理及特点。试验结果表明，所设计液力变矩器可支持新型自动变速系统成为现实。     

P2混动自动变速器的离合器自适应控制

为了解决混合动力系统动力耦合的响应性和舒适性问题，建立混动离合器C0起动发动机过程和并联动力输出模式下的功率流模型。对C0起动发动机的控制过程进行仿真分析，针对C0的起动扭矩和电机的输出扭矩在时间和空间上的匹配问题，提出以换挡离合器的滑摩控制来进行缓冲的策略。为了实现稳定精确的发动机起动控制，消除各自的扭矩控制、液压系统特性的误差，提出C0离合器起动发动机的自适应控制和B1离合器滑摩自适应控制，以换挡离合器滑差和发动机转速的超调量为监控对象，对C0离合器各阶段压力控制参数进行自适应调整，以优化发动机起动过程。研究结果表明：通过换挡离合器的滑摩控制可以很好地解决C0离合器扭矩和电机扭矩的匹配问题，即使在换挡过程中对发动机起动也能保证良好的舒适性，并控制过程时间在1.5 s内；在整车试验过程中，通过对C0压力的自适应调整，发动机转速的超调和起动冲击问题均可以得到有效解决。     

车辆换挡过程的离合器仿真研究

离合器是车辆传动系统的重要部件,在车辆行驶过程中它的接合与分离频繁,对它的控制是目前研究的重点之一。建立了整车模型中离合器的动力学仿真模型,分析了换挡过程中离合器的控制问题,在其控制策略中对离合器的控制与换挡动作进行了协调,并且综合考虑了换挡品质的三个评价指标;最后,运行建立的整车模型,在整车模型中进行验证,得到了换挡过程中与离合器相关的系列曲线,取得了较好的效果。     

大功率自动变速器换挡离合器调压控制研究

为了改善大功率自动变速器换挡过程中换挡离合器（含湿式制动器和湿式离合器）油压的调控水平,提高车辆的换挡品质,从结构上在换挡离合器中设计平衡活塞来补偿离合器旋转离心的影响,并在排油回路中增加背压阀以消除活塞腔内空气造成的不确定性。通过对换挡执行系统结构进行分析,分别针对离合器活塞、电液调压过程及离合器滑摩过程进行模型计算,在此基础上,将惯性相的充油调压控制进行拆解,即在转矩相结束时刻初始常量的基础上叠加一阶控制过程,针对换挡过程中系统存在非线性干扰和参数不确定性的特点,结合系统特性的分阶段试验标定,制定了换挡离合器调压过程的滑模控制策略,并基于MATLAB环境对控制策略的正确性和有效性进行仿真分析,最后进行实车试验验证。研究结果表明：无论是制动器充油还是旋转离合器充油,控制策略均能将惯性相持续时间、换挡冲击和滑摩功率损失等控制在合理范围;控制策略具有良好的性能,旋转离合器和制动器都能实现稳健的惯性相调压控制。     

Torque coordinating robust control of shifting process for dry dual clutch transmission equipped in a hybrid car

For a hybrid car equipped with dual clutch transmission (DCT), the coordination control problems of clutches and power sources are investigated while taking full advantage of the integrated starter generator motor's fast response speed and high accuracy (speed and torque). First, a dynamic model of the shifting process is established, the vehicle acceleration is quantified according to the intentions of the driver, and the torque transmitted by clutches is calculated based on the designed disengaging principle during the torque phase. Next, a robust H_∞ controller is designed to ensure speed synchronisation despite the existence of model uncertainties, measurement noise, and engine torque lag. The engine torque lag and measurement noise are used as external disturbances to initially modify the output torque of the power source. Additionally, during the torque switch phase, the torque of the power sources is smoothly transitioned to the driver's demanded torque. Finally, the torque of the power sources is further distributed based on the optimisation of system efficiency, and the throttle opening of the engine is constrained to avoid sharp torque variations. The simulation results verify that the proposed control strategies effectively address the problem of coordinating control of clutches and power sources, establishing a foundation for the application of DCT in hybrid cars.     

新型电控机械式自动变速器参数优化及性能研究（双语出版）

为解决传统电控机械式自动变速器（AMT）换挡过程中的动力中断问题,同时提高整车动力性与经济性,提出一种将行星机构安装在AMT输入端构成的新型自动变速器（N-AMT）,并对N-AMT基本结构进行详细介绍,同时就驻车、起步和换挡过程中行星机构工作模式进行详细分析。首先根据最大、最小传动比、挡位数和相邻速比的设计要求对N-AMT进行速比初步设计,然后结合AMT换挡和双离合（DCT）换挡各自特点,以动力性为约束,NEDC工况最佳燃油经济性为目标进行遗传算法速比优化设计。利用速比优化设计方法进行不同挡位N-AMT方案设计,并根据动力学关系建立整车模型,对N-AMT进行动力性与经济性分析。综合考虑不同挡位数方案的分析结果和变速器结构成本等因素,确定8挡N-AMT为最终设计方案。最后对8挡N-AMT进行台架、起步和顺序换挡试验。研究结果表明：8挡N-AMT的NEDC循环工况油耗为6.38 L·（100 km）^-1,较5挡AMT原型车工况油耗6.95 L·（100 km）^-1减少了8.86%;N-AMT可以有效消除部分挡位间动力中断的问题,在30%加速踏板开度下,8挡N-AMT的起步时间为1.55 s,较5挡AMT起步时间1.61 s减少了3.7%,整车动力性得到提高;N-AMT换挡时间保持在1.05 s以内,且换挡平顺性较好。     

基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的双离合器自动变速器起步自适应控制

双离合器自动变速器（Dual Clutch Transmission,DCT）随着服役时间的增加离合器性态会发生变化导致起步性能下降,为降低离合器性态变化对起步性能的影响,提出一种基于扩展状态观测器和滑模控制的DCT起步自适应控制方法。首先,建立DCT起步动力学模型、发动机模型和液压控制系统模型;将DCT起步问题转化为参考轨迹跟踪问题,通过工况识别并利用极小值原理获得了不同起步工况的参考轨迹;在DCT起步动力学模型中将与离合器性态变化相关的项定义为不确定项,设计扩展状态观测器对不确定项进行估计,同时结合自适应滑模控制器,获得了起步发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率;为了跟踪发动机转矩和离合器油压的自适应控制率,设计了发动机转矩跟踪控制器,同时对液压系统采用了PID闭环控制;通过MATLAB/Simulink平台仿真以及台架试验验证所提出的DCT起步控制方法对离合器性态变化的自适应效果。研究结果表明：所提出的起步自适应控制方法能够有效避免由离合器性态变化导致的起步延时,同时1挡缓起步和急起步的仿真冲击分别减小了53.11%和43.42%,试验起步冲击分别减小了35.66%和30.31%。     

双离合器自动变速器换挡过程的内模控制

为提高双离合变速器的换挡过程平顺性,提出内模控制方法,提高离合器转速差的跟踪精度。设计转矩干扰补偿器来减小发动机端与负载端转矩扰动的影响,并基于平滑可微的参考转速差设计超前校正控制器。即使存在模型不确定与干扰,内模控制系统能维持稳定。仿真与台架实验结果表明,在不同参考输入与模型参数情况下,所提出的控制器均能达到较小的跟踪误差和平顺的换挡效果。     

电控机械式自动变速器

通过分析传感器采集的节气门开度信号，ECU按编好程序控制相应的执行电动机自动地完成离合器的分离、接合，及变速器的选，换档动作，使换档过程自动完成并使发动机的工作与离合器动作相协调，解决了传统手动变速器的换档操作复杂的问题并提高换档品质。     

Shifting control of an automated mechanical transmission without using the clutch

The automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is gaining popularity in the automotive industry, due to its combination of the advantages of mechanical transmissions (MT) and automatic transmissions (AT) in terms of fuel consumption, low cost, improved driving comfort and shifting quality. However, the inherent structural characteristics of the AMT lead to disadvantages, including excessive wear of the clutch plates and jerk and traction interruption during the shift process, that severely affect its popularity in the automatic transmission industry. The emerging technology of shifting control without the use of the clutch is a promising way to improve the shifting transients of AMTs. This paper proposes a control algorithm that combines speed and torque control of the AMT vehicle powertrain to achieve shifting control without using the clutch. The key technologies of accurate engine torque and speed control and rapid position control of the shift actuators are described in detail. To realize accurate engine speed control, a combined control algorithm based on feed-forward, bang-bang and PID control is adopted. Additionally, an optimized closed-loop position control algorithm based on LQR is proposed for the shift actuators. The coordinated control algorithm based on engine and shift actuator control is described in detail and validated on a test vehicle equipped with an AMT. The results show that the coordinated control algorithm can achieve shifting control without the use of the clutch to improve driving comfort significantly, reduce shift transients and extend the service life of the clutch.     

多模式机液复合传动装置设计方案分析

液压传动柔性特征适用于起步工况，机液传动高效无级调速特征适用于作业工况，机械传动高效变速特征适用于转场工况。分析集液压传动、机液传动和机械传动为一体的多模式机液复合传动装置的设计思路在汽车工程上具有理论研究意义和实际应用价值。研究了机液复合传动的功率流传递机理，分析了换挡机构处于功率分流机构、复合传动机构、功率汇流机构和后置换挡机构一处或多处时，分段式机液传动装置各自的性能特征。研究结果表明：功率分流传动方式多适用于中小功率车辆，且马达转矩与传动装置输出转矩比值保持不变；功率汇流传动方式多适用于大功率车辆，使小功率液压件传递大功率成为可能，并能够在输出端起到减速增矩的效果；功率分流和功率汇流互换的传动方式可通过控制行星齿轮双接口及后置换挡机构，保证机液复合传动在不同速度分段中的高效运行；当换挡机构在行星齿轮之间时，可在2个不同区段改变行星齿轮机构的特性参数，使得在整个工作区范围内保持合理的功率配额；当采用多段式行星齿轮功率汇流传动方式时，后置换挡机构扩大了传动装置转速和转矩的覆盖范围。根据上述5类机液传动设计思路，提出对应的多模式机液复合传动装置设计方案。以一款用于扫地车的机液复合传动装置为研究对象，进行运动学和动力学分析，确定相关参数，绘制调速曲线和效率特性曲线，并对其挡位切换优化问题做了简要介绍。该方案充分利用液压传动的无级调速性能和机械传动的高效变速性能，较好地满足了车辆起步、作业和转场工况的要求。     

并联式混合动力汽车模式切换控制策略研究

并联式混合动力汽车模式切换时离合器会介入传动系统，容易引起较明显的冲击感，是影响整车驾驶舒适性的主要因素。为此，提出了基于离合器双模糊和电机转矩协调的模式切换控制策略。首先建立混合动力汽车模式切换过程的动力学模型，以减小离合器滑磨功为目标，对模式切换时的离合器接合过程进行划分；其次，结合混合动力汽车模式切换的基本要求和驾驶意图，制定离合器双模糊控制策略，分别对滑摩阶段的接合时长和转矩同步阶段的压力变化率进行控制；然后以离合器滑磨功和整车冲击度为优化目标，采用二次型最优控制算法对滑摩阶段的接合压力进行优化，从而获取模式切换过程中离合器的最优接合压力轨迹；在此基础上，通过实时计算离合器传递转矩，根据电机转矩响应快的特点，制定电机转矩协调控制策略；最后，基于某混合动力试验样车，在底盘测功机上分别进行缓加速、中等加速和急加速下的模式切换试验，对所提出的控制策略进行验证。试验结果表明：该策略能较好地反映驾驶人驾驶意图，保证离合器的使用寿命，所产生的整车冲击度均处于合理范围之内，改善了整车模式切换过程中的驾驶舒适性。     

一种同步环的改进设计

对手动变速器的一种同步环在换挡过程中出现的问题进行了分析。针对存在的缺陷,提出在满足同步容量的同时,可以通过提高材料的耐磨性和改进设计参数来提高换挡时的同步性能。主要改进了同步环内螺纹参数,提高了其换挡摩擦力,实现了在换档过程中同步器和结合齿完全同步。     

AMT换挡过程的离合器控制

电控机械式自动变速器(AMT)的离合器控制是AMT开发中的一项关键技术。系统地分析了换挡过程中离合器接合特性及其对换挡品质评价指标的影响。以冲击度最大值为约束条件,以减少离合器滑摩功为原则,提出了离合器接合的控制策略。将该控制方法应用于某越野车上,对车辆换挡过程进行实时控制,试验结果表明该控制方法有效地提高了车辆的换挡品质,满足了军用越野车辆对行驶平顺性的要求。     

双离合器式自动变速器系统

双离合器式自动变速器是基于手动变速器发展而来的，其工作原理是通过将变速器挡位按奇、偶数分开布置，分别与两个离合器连接，通过离合器的交替切换完成换挡过程，以实现动力换挡。它综合了AMT的优势和AT动力换挡的优点，具有很好的换挡品质和车辆动力性、经济性，比较适合我国目前以手动变速器占主导地位的情况.     

Optimal torque coordinating control of the launching with twin clutches simultaneously involved for dry dual-clutch transmission

As for the self-developed six-speed dry dual-clutch transmission (DCT), the optimal torque-coordinated control strategy between engine and dual clutches is proposed to resolve the problem of launching with twin clutches simultaneously involved based on the minimum value principle. Focusing on the sliding friction phase of the launching process, dynamics equations of dry DCT with two intermediate shafts are firstly established, and then the optimal transmitting torque variation rate and the driven plate's rotating speed of dual clutches are deduced by using the minimum value principle, in which the jerk intensity and friction work are taken as the performance indexes, and the terminal constraints of state variables are determined according to the driver's launching intention. Besides, the separating conditions of non-target gear clutch and the torque distributing relations of twin clutches are derived from the launching control targets that guarantee the approximately equal friction extent of two clutches and no power cycle. After the synchronisation of driving and driven plates of on-coming clutch, the output torque of engine is smoothly switched to the driver's demand level. Furthermore, launching the simulation model of the dry DCT vehicle is set up on the Matlab/Simulink platform. Simulation results indicate that the proposed launching control strategy not only can effectively reflect the driver's intention and extend the life span of twin clutches, but also obtain an excellent launching quality. Finally, the torque control laws of two clutches obtained through the simulation are transformed into clutch position control laws for the future realisation in the real car, and the closed-loop position controls of twin clutches in the launching process are conducted on the test bench with two sets of clutch actuator, obtaining preferable tracking effects.     

AL4自动变速器的特点分析

由ＰＳＡ集团和雷诺公司共同设计的ＡＬ４自动变速器,装备于雪铁龙Ｘａｎｔｉａ中档轿车上。该变速器具有智能化程度高、换挡品质好、扭矩覆盖面大及结构紧凑等特点。该变速器采用带锁止离合器的扁平型三元件液力变矩器,行星齿轮变速机构采用的是ＣＲ－ＣＲ(辛普森２型)机构,换挡操纵机构采用推拉软轴式操纵机构。     

汽车起步过程离合器传递转矩精确计算分析

在分析汽车起步时电控机械式自动变速器的离合器转矩传递过程的基础上,建立了汽车起步时离合器传递转矩、滑磨功和压盘表面温升的精确计算模型;推导出以离合器主、从动盘相对转速和离合器片表面温度为主要影响因素的离合器片摩擦因数的公式;以某一轿车为实例,对其起步时离合器转矩传递特性进行仿真计算。