Distribution of diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland

This study formed part of the Northeast Water project (NEW project) which dealt with physical, geophysical and biological processes in the Northeast Water Polynya off Northeast Greenland. This was part of the International Arctic Polynya Programme (IAPP). The diatom composition of the water masses, sea ice and melt ponds was analysed to show the relationship between ice and the water column near the ice with regard to the origin and fate of the cells in the ice and melt ponds. Fragilariopsis oceanica, Fragiliria sp. I and Chaetoceros socialis usually dominated the phytoplankton, while the ice and melt pond samples showed a wide range of assemblages, with different single-celled pennates and two undescribed species, Navicula sp. 1 and Nitzschia sp. 1 often dominant. Planktonic algae in sea ice can be released into the water column during ice break-up and melt, thus contributing to the spring bloom in the water column, if the timing of the release and the species composition are correct. The number of different ice algal assemblages supports the theory that cells originated from the water column, the benthos and freshwater. In addition, differential growth in the sea ice or melt ponds often altered the relative abundance of species in comparison with what is usually found in their original habitat. However, many of the cells in the ice and melt ponds were dead (empty frustules), making it difficult to determine whether the cells had actually lived in these habitats.     

Environmental causes of the fluctuations of red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) landings in the Catalan Sea

The fluctuations of catches of the deep-sea shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) were analysed in the 6 ports of Catalonia where production is concentrated, based on monthly landings from 1988 to 2004. The 6 selected ports produced 300 t of red shrimp in 2004, or 80% of the total production in Catalonia. The series for each port showed clear interannual variability, with peaks of production in the early 1990s and more recently from 2001 to 2003. The time periods of the monthly data series, estimated by frequency analysis based on Fourier transform, varied around 7–8 years in the four central ports and 12–13 years in the two northern ports. Additionally, the different curves were not in phase: even in nearby ports, the maximum production is observed in different years. Since the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is an excellent proxy for long-term series of environmental variables, we aimed to explore relationships between the fluctuation of the NAO index and A. antennatus landings in the Catalan Sea. The correlation between the mean annual NAO index and the annual catches in each port was positive and significant with some time lags (from 1 to 3 years). The existence of clear patterns linking the NAO with marine ecological processes has been demonstrated in many studies, but the underlying ecological mechanisms are far from being well understood. The variations in environmental parameters linked to the NAO may act on biological organisms at different levels (individual, population) through physiology (metabolic and reproductive processes) or through trophic relationships, including ecological cascade effects. We propose that NAO-induced environmental variability may enhance food supply to A. antennatus and hence strengthen the reproductive potential of particular year classes, which result in increased catches 1 to 3 years later, although other possible effects of environmental variability on the population dynamics of this species are worth investigating.     

某船厂船坞设计关键技术

浙江某船厂船坞工程是废除现有船坞新建2座船坞的改扩建项目,工程建设规模不大,但环境条件和自然条件复杂,尤其是坞口区域建设条件极差,技术难度大。设计围绕水上基坑建造坞口、坞墙结构、船坞止水、高灵敏土地基加固等一系列关键技术问题进行研究,研究成果可为在有限岸线和狭窄空间以及复杂地质海洋环境条件下建造船坞时提供借鉴和参考。     

Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in the U.S.‐affiliated pacific Islands

Abstract

During the past century, traditional ownership, control, and use of coral reef habitats in the U.S.‐affiliated islands in the Pacific have declined, exposing them to increased construction for plantation, transportation, military, urban, aquaculture, fisheries, mineral, and resort development. Dredging, filling, and other construction in coral reef and related ecosystems are expected to continue at high levels. Collectively, these activities have resulted in major adverse ecological impacts, many of which can be avoided or reduced to minor levels. Improvements in the design, siting, and construction of coastal projects can be accomplished by early integration of environmental objectives. Ecological baseline surveys; environmental impact assessments; regulatory conditions; guidelines and standards during construction; monitoring of construction; post‐construction evaluation; and long‐range research, planning, and management are among the most useful of the environmental tools to describe reefs and to identify measures to reduce or avoid adverse impacts on coral reefs.     

基于案例推理的港口工程建设风险评价研究

港口工程属于国家的交通基础设施,投资规模较大.港口建设技术专业性强、涉及面广,建设过程中受自然、社会、环境等条件的影响较大、不确定因素较多,港口项目的风险是投资方和建设者非常重视的问题.本研究结合工程实例,运用案例推理法构建评价指标体系和评价模型,分析研究港口工程建设的风险及其影响因素.     

软土地区地铁隧道施工期地表沉降规律研究

地铁隧道建设过程中主要通过地表沉降监测反映盾构施工的安全状态,Peck公式一直被认为是最简单实用的隧道施工期地表沉降计算方法,因此针对其适用性和参数取值问题是人们研究的重点。文中结合盾构施工的特点,探讨盾构施工中引起地层扰动的主要因素,通过在建地铁隧道的实测地表沉降数据分析Peck公式的适用性和参数取值问题,并探讨了几种特殊情况下的地表沉降规律,以指导施工方案的调整,减小施工的环境影响,同时保证隧道自身的施工质量。     

面向绿色造船的修造工艺能耗及排放现状

针对全球环境污染的不断升级,立足于船舶修造行业,解读在绿色造船中需要遵守的法规条例,并且梳理修造工艺各环节的能耗及排放问题。调研国内若干家船舶修造企业,汇总修造工艺各环节的能耗及污染物排放数据:修造工艺的能耗较为复杂,并且未建立生产车间的能耗管理系统;污染物排放违规现象严重,处罚案例较多;通过设备改造及工艺优化,可有效减少排放、保护环境。国内船舶企业需要转化危机为机遇,在实现节能减排的基础上,加速转型升级,提高市场竞争力。     

高盐有机废水热力学组合工艺应用

针对高盐有机废水处理问题,详细介绍一种高盐有机废水的组合处理工艺,对各工艺单元的工作原理、流程、及过程控制进行论述,并以天津市武清区黄花店镇污水坑塘环境改善工程为例,进行工程应用研究,可为受到高盐有机废水污染的河道、湖泊综合整治项目、以及对于港口等区域突发性化工废水污染的应急处理,提供成套技术及施工经验。     

近岸深水联排灌注桩施工工艺优化

采用传统的冲孔灌注桩施工工艺进行海上灌注桩施工时,往往会面临适用条件限制、环境污染、施工成本增加等问题。针对三亚凤凰岛项目海上冲孔灌注桩施工特点,介绍通过优化钢平台结构形式及布局设计、泥浆循环系统优化设计、结构稳定性计算、"四新设备"创新应用等措施,有效降低施工成本、提高施工效率、减少环境污染、提高施工质量。结果表明采取的工艺优化和平台改进措施效果良好、实用性强。     

桥梁桩基础施工对航道演变影响分析

近年来多座桥梁建设期间工程河段航道发生了明显变化。针对这一问题,以荆岳长江公路大桥桥墩基础施工阶段为例,对比施工前后的实测水文、地形。结果发现桩基施工时搭设的栈桥、水上施工平台引起丁家洲边滩和南阳洲洲头发生较大改变,加速了局部河段航道条件向不利方向发展的趋势,说明桥梁基础施工对航道演变有较大影响。为尽量避免不利影响,在前期跨度研究阶段,应提前考虑可能采用的施工方案对航道的影响。如果通过调整施工方案难以消除或者减小影响,必须优化桥跨和桥墩布置方案。分析成果可为后续桥梁建设管理提供参考借鉴。     

整体推进式桩基码头结构设计与施工

针对在拉美和非洲地区部分码头建设中,存在大型船机设备缺乏和长周期波较为明显、常规打桩船作业和预制构件安装困难的问题,基于一般桩基码头结构,在设计和施工两个方面进行优化,采用桩顶施工行走平台方法施工,利用桩基自身作为支撑结构,大量采用叠合式上部结构,实现将海上施工转化为陆上施工的创新,形成整体推进式桩基码头结构,规避大型船机设备缺乏和长周期波较为明显的问题,具有良好的经济性和对强震区的适应性。     

取水口与护岸工程一体化设计与施工

深海条件下填海造地成陆的LNG项目,一般先实施围闭护岸,再吹填经地基处理形成陆域,最后开挖嵌入取水口预制结构。这种施工工序造成了工期长、费用高、不环保等问题。通过BIM协同设计、提前确定取水口功能参数、合理调整施工工序,实现了取水口与护岸工程一体化设计与施工。一体化设计与施工在保证质量、安全、环保和进度的同时,也取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益,可为后续类似工程提供参考依据。     

海上静力触探贯入机理的有限元研究

工程地质评价是海洋石油平台建设的关键环节。由于深海区的环境条件比较复杂,近年来我国在深海区原位地质勘察方面刚刚起步。由于海床静力触探和井下静力触探的勘察方法和操作工艺不同,获得的锥端阻力也存在一定差异。采用有限元模拟法分析海床静力触探和井下静力触探的贯人机理,并计算不同静力触探模式下的锥端阻力,发现在静力触探过程中周围土体存在不同的位移模式。     

面向可再生能源利用的集装箱港口环境经济效益仿真

可再生能源具有环境友好、可循环利用等优点,综合利用可再生能源是绿色集装箱港口发展的必然趋势。应用系统仿真的方法量化港口装卸生产能源消耗量,结合环境经济效益计算方法定量分析可再生能源替代传统能源的环境经济效益。以某港区采用风力发电为例,对比分析集卡、岸桥和场桥能源替代后的环境效益与经济效益。     

带式压滤机环保疏浚泥浆絮凝技术

由于带式压滤机环保疏浚工程的泥浆絮凝施工这一关键技术,受到泥浆浓度、絮凝剂选型、用量、絮凝时间、搅拌时间等诸多因素影响,在工程已选定压滤机设备类型、泥浆特性以及絮凝剂选型的条件下,依托武汉市南湖环保疏浚工程,进行相关技术研究及改进,在泥浆絮凝环节乃至整个环保疏浚脱水固化环节起到节约絮凝剂、减少工作量、提高施工效率和施工质量的良好效果。     

内湖环保疏浚工程造价计算

疏浚工程造价作为工程建设过程中十分重要的部分,直接影响工程项目的质量好坏。近年来,疏浚工程走向内陆湖泊河道,对环保疏浚要求逐渐提高,工程造价也需要因地制宜的发生变动,避免计算误差,对提高项目经济效益是非常有益的。以内湖环保疏浚工程为例,根据相关设计方案,结合施工区具体施工条件,提出应避免的问题,对疏浚定额进行修编,编制其工程造价,力争减少误差,提高工程造价精确度。     

喀斯特地貌公路建设项目环境影响评价

喀斯特是一种具有特殊的物质、能量、结构和功能的生态系统,其特征是生态敏感度高,环境容量低、抗干扰能力弱,稳定性差,工程建设过程中若忽视其特征可能会引发区域石漠化现象。针对目前我国高速公路建设正由东部平原地区过渡到中西部丘陵地区、重丘区建设,喀斯特地貌的遇见概率逐渐增多,而相关的环境影响如何进行合理评价与分析,应采取何种针对性措施,国内很少有系统的分析、说明。这里通过石漠化概念、石漠化形成的原因与机理分析,结合实例公路建设项目特点,对产生的环境问题进行环境影响评价,提出更为切实可行的措施,为喀斯特地貌公路建设项目环境影响评价提供一定的借鉴。     

海绵磨料低尘喷砂工艺的探讨

针对国内诸多船厂采用的传统喷砂工艺,并结合上海外高桥造船有限公司的实际情况,从环保、施工及应对PSPC规范的角度,对海绵磨料低尘喷砂工艺进行了深入的探讨。     

Biological effects of dilution of Dead Sea brine with seawater: implications for the planning of the Red Sea–Dead Sea “Peace Conduit”

The Dead Sea is a severely disturbed ecosystem. Its water level has been decreasing at a rate of nearly 1 m per year during the last decade due to anthropogenic intervention in its water balance. Since the peace treaty between Israel and Jordan was established in 1994, a proposal for the construction of a water carrier, the “Peace Conduit,” between the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) and the Dead Sea is being investigated. This water carrier is intended to mitigate damaging processes that currently occur in the Dead Sea and its surrounding area. The difference in elevation of about 416 m could be exploited for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis. To examine the possible effects of the mixing of Dead Sea brines with seawater and seawater concentrates on the Dead Sea as an ecosystem, we have set up simulation experiments under field conditions in experimental ponds at Sedom, in which Dead Sea water was diluted with Red Sea water. The main components of the Dead Sea biota are the unicellular green alga Dunaliella and several types of red halophilic Archaea. Phosphate is the limiting inorganic nutrient. Massive Dunaliella blooms developed, accompanied by dense communities of red halophilic Archaea, in some of the experimental ponds, imparting a brown-red coloration to the brines. The extent of biological development depended on the extent of dilution and on phosphate availability. The results of the simulation experiments show that biological phenomena and their impact on the Dead Sea ecosystem should be taken into consideration during the planning of the “Peace Conduit.”     

CCS万吨级船舶船体建造中多种新型胎架应用及探讨

阐述了胎架在中小型船舶建造中对于严格控制船体线型的重要作用,以及胎架在制造中必须具有足够的强度及钢度才能满足使用要求,对保证船体分段建造质量和精度控制起到了指导作用.