深水海底管道止屈器设计研究

随着水深的增加,深水海底管道由于外压导致压溃、屈曲及屈曲传播的可能性大大增加.深水海管设计中,通常采用止屈器来控制海管由于较大的外压可能造成的压溃及屈曲传播.止屈器的主要作用是:在管道受外压的条件下,一旦发生压溃屈曲并发生屈曲传播时,将屈曲传播的破坏限制在一定管道长度范围内.该文进行了深水海底管道止屈器设计研究,并基于有限元模型进行了管道的屈曲和屈曲传播分析.     

考虑凹陷长度影响的深海管道压溃压力预测方法

凹陷是深海管道常见的缺陷形式，会使管道抵抗外压的能力大大降低，从而发生失效。目前针对含凹陷深海管道缺乏准确的评估方法。本文采用非线性有限元方法，分析了凹陷深度、凹陷长度、径厚比和椭圆度对深海管道压溃压力的影响规律，给出了考虑凹陷长度影响的深海管道压溃压力预测方法，为含凹陷深海管道的工程评估提供了参考依据。     

犁式挖沟机后挖沟埋管对海底管道屈曲压溃压力影响分析

为了研究犁式挖沟机后挖沟埋管中各参数对悬跨段海底管道屈曲压溃压力的影响,采用Python语言对ABAQUS软件进行二次开发,以准静态的方式模拟悬跨段各参数对压溃压力的影响。分析结果显示,犁式挖沟机后挖沟埋管会导致悬跨段管道截面椭圆化。随着作业水深的不断增加,悬跨段托管架处管道局部由弹性变形进入塑性变形区,继而发生屈曲压溃现象。后挖沟深度和管道外径对临界压溃压力的影响较大,其他参数如距海床高度ΔH和等效重力g'的影响有限。建立了后挖沟埋管的海底管道屈曲压溃临界曲线,可为犁式挖沟机后挖沟埋管施工作业提供工程参考。     

特征载荷下海工管状结构屈曲临界载荷分析

圆柱形管状结构在海洋工程领域中应用较多,在进行结构设计时,需重点关注其侧向受载时的屈曲强度问题。通过理论分析和数值模拟,对比研究径向线性载荷变化下圆柱壳的屈曲行为,以经典的Donnell壳体理论为基础,得到圆柱壳的屈曲控制方程,并通过本征值分析方法得到结构屈曲的临界条件。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对线性变化径压下圆柱壳的屈曲进行数值仿真。分析得出径厚比是径向线性分布载荷下圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷的主要影响因素,三角形径压下屈曲临界载荷值约为均布径压下屈曲临界载荷值的2倍。     

海底管道侧向屈曲分析

侧向屈曲是非埋设海底高温高压管道运行期间常见的失效形式.由高温和高压造成的管道轴向应力是导致管道侧向屈曲的主要原因.本文对管道侧向屈曲进行了数学解析分析,并给出了管道在实际运行状态下发生侧向屈曲时常出现的四种模态的力学分析结果.对某工程项目的海底管道进行了侧向屈曲的数值计算以验证其工程可靠性.从理论和工程实践两方面分析比较了控制侧向屈曲的各种方法.初步探讨了深水高温高压管道的侧向屈曲控制方法.     

含缺陷海底管道横向屈曲理论研究

考虑了初始几何缺陷对管道屈曲临界载荷的影响,基于经典热屈曲理论,推导了平坦海床上裸铺管道横向屈曲临界载荷的理论公式,给出了无限远处管道轴向力的计算公式及临界温度的计算公式。建立了平坦海床上裸铺管道的非线性有限元模型,并将有限元结果与解析结果进行了对比,验证了解析公式的合理性。     

船首交叉单元压溃力的简化解析计算及应用修正

现有的评估船舶在碰撞时压溃力的简化解析公式中,针对倾斜单元的强度缩减因子仅适用于含有小倾斜单元的球鼻结构。论文首先通过简化解析解和有限元准静态仿真的比较,验证了交叉单元简化解析公式对典型交叉结构的适用性。通过对船首的简化解析计算结果与准静态压载仿真结果的比较,发现当倾斜单元的倾斜角大于40°时,现有的倾斜角有效压溃距离与强度缩减因子已不再适用。为此,针对大倾斜角单元,基于几何折算的原理修正了有效压溃距离和强度缩减因子,并验证了其有效性。     

基于规范的绑扎式立管系统的强度计算

立管强度分析是海底管道设计的重要内容之一.针对绑扎式立管系统,应用有限元软件AUTOPIPE 8.5建立乐东22-1气田外输立管系统的模型,并分别依据DNV-OS-F101、DNV 1981、ASME B31.8三种设计规范对其进行强度计算.综合考虑规范对立管强度的要求,防止发生压溃和屈曲扩展的要求及限制立管发生漂浮的要求三个条件,确定了满足条件的最小壁厚.最后根据计算结果比较了三种规范对于立管强度计算的不同适用性.     

海洋非粘结柔性管道扭转失效特征行为分析研究

分析了扭转荷载引起的三种海洋非粘结柔性管道截面可能的失效模式:铠装钢丝强度失效、内层压溃失效及铠装钢丝屈曲失效。通过管道扭转时铠装钢丝的应力及层间相互作用的分析,对每种失效模式给出了失效判据表达式。通过综合对比分析,提出了非粘结管道截面最大允许扭转角度的保守预测方法。以某典型经济性柔性管道为例进行抗扭转能力的分析。计算结果显示,在反扭情况下骨架层压溃失效是最易发生的一种失效行为,其对应的扭转角度可用于该管道允许最大扭转角度的设计预测值。这项研究可以为海洋工程类似管缆结构抗扭转能力的设计提供参考。     

考虑铺设残余变形影响的管道屈曲分析

文章基于壳单元建立了精细的托管架—管道相互作用模型,模拟了S型管道铺设过程,研究了铺设过程中管道的塑性变形分布,评价了铺设残余塑性变形对管道屈曲压力的影响。研究结果表明在深水S型铺设中,管道会发生明显残余塑性变形,并削弱管道的后续屈曲承载能力。     

Experimental and theoretical studies on lateral buckling of submarine pipelines

Global buckling of a submarine pipeline during high pressure/high temperature (HP/HT) operation results in a loss of pipeline stability that is similar to a bar in compression; this phenomenon constitutes one of the key factors affecting pipeline integrity and design. To intuitively study the buckling response, a test system was designed that can account for thermal loading and pipe-soil interactions, and this system was used to perform a series of small-scale model tests on the lateral buckling of submarine pipelines with different initial imperfections. Based on the hat-shaped buckling profiles of the test pipelines, a new buckling mode called "hat-shaped buckling" was proposed. In an attempt to study the conditions under which the pipeline exhibits this hat-shaped buckling mode, the changing law of the buckling mode was investigated through finite element analyses of pipelines with different parameters, including the length of the pipeline and the amplitude and wavelength of the initial imperfection. Subsequently, an analytical solution for calculating the buckling amplitude of a pipeline with a hat-shaped buckling profile was proposed. The theoretical solution was compared to the experimental data, which verified the feasibility of the model in calculating pipeline buckling deformation. The experimental data, the buckling mode based on these data and the corresponding analytical model discussed herein may provide a reference for future experimental studies of pipeline buckling.     

Propagating buckles in corroded pipelines

Rigid–plastic solutions for the steady-state, quasi-static buckle propagation pressure in corroded pipelines are derived and compared to finite element predictions (ABAQUS). The corroded pipeline is modeled as an infinitely long, cylindrical shell with a section of reduced thickness that is used to describe the corrosion. A five plastic hinge mechanism is used to describe plastic collapse of the corroded pipeline. Closed-form expressions are given for the buckle propagation pressure as a function of the amount of corrosion in an X77 steel pipeline. Buckles that propagate down the pipeline are caused by either global or snap-through buckling, depending on the amount of corrosion. Global buckling occurs when the angular extent of the corrosion is greater than 90°. When the angular extent is less than 90° and the corrosion is severe, snap-through buckling takes place. The buckle propagation pressure and the corresponding collapse modes also compare well to finite element predictions.     

Laboratory tests and thermal buckling analysis for pipes buried in Bohai soft clay

Upheaval buckling of submarine pipelines occurs due to relative movement of pipeline and surrounding soil and is often triggered by high operational temperature of the pipeline, initial imperfection of the pipeline, or a combination of both. Since buckling can jeopardize the structural integrity of a pipeline, it is a failure mode that should to be taken into account for the design and in-service assessment of trenched and buried offshore pipelines. In this study, a series of vertical (uplift) and axial pullout tests were carried out on model pipe segments buried in soft clay deposit similar to that present in Bohai Gulf, China. Pipe segments with three different diameters (= 30 mm, 50 mm and 80 mm) were buried in different depth-to-diameter ratios ranging from 1 to 8. Based on the results of laboratory tests, nonlinear force–displacement relations are proposed to model soil resistance mobilized during pipeline movement. The proposed nonlinear soil resistance models are employed in finite element analysis of buried pipelines with different amplitudes of initial geometric imperfections. Thermal upheaval buckling behavior of pipelines operating at different temperatures is studied. Results show that the capacity of pipeline against thermal buckling increases with the burial depth and decreases with the amplitude of initial imperfection.     

纵环加筋圆柱薄壳的塑性屈曲试验与分析

本文进行了纵环加筋圆柱薄壳在均布外压作用下的屈曲试验和分析研究。采用塑性形变理论和Misos屈服准则，在能量原理基础上导出了壳体简明的屈曲分析公式。给出了四个铝合金模型的屈曲破坏试验结果，描述了模型的破坏特征和破坏过程。试验及数值分析结果表明，在一定参数范围内，壳体将发生总体塑性屈曲破坏，且破坏表现为一个过程，局部屈曲将影响到总体屈曲临界压力。本文提供的总体屈曲简明分析方法具有较好的精度，可供初步设计时使用。     

国外海底管道屈曲传播及止屈试验技术综述

海底管道屈曲传播机理极其复杂,涉及到弹塑性稳定后屈曲问题,须通过大量的试验进行研究.文章概述了国内外海底管道屈曲传播理论研究发展历程,着重介绍了国外在海底管道屈曲传播与止屈试验技术方面的研究,总结和评述了国外相关试验装置的特点,探讨屈曲传播压力、传播速度、止屈效率等关键因素的试验测定方法,并指明了管道屈曲传播与止屈试验技术的发展方向,为海底管道屈曲传播及止屈试验设计提供指导.     

Evaluation of ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust

A series of collapse analyses is performed applying nonlinear FEM on stiffened panels subjected to longitudinal thrust. MSC.Marc is used. Numbers, types and sizes of stiffeners are varied and so slenderness ratio as well as aspect ratio of local panels partitioned by stiffeners keeping the spacing between adjacent longitudinal stiffeners the same. Initial deflection of a thin-horse mode is imposed on local panels and that of flexural buckling and tripping modes on stiffeners to represent actual initial deflection in stiffened panels in ship structures. On the basis of the calculated results, buckling/plastic collapse behaviour of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust is investigated. The calculated ultimate strength are compared with those obtained by applying several existing methods such as CSR for bulk carriers and PULS. Simple formulas for stiffened panels, of which collapse is dominated fundamentally by the collapse of local panels between longitudinal stiffeners, are also examined if they accurately estimate the ultimate strength. Through comparison of the estimated results with the FEM results, it has been concluded that PULS and modified FYH formulas fundamentally give good estimation of the ultimate strength of stiffened panels under longitudinal thrust.     

Modelling upheaval buckling in marine buried pipelines by coupling the shear stresses and soft soil stiffness

Buried marine pipelines employed in the Oil & Gas industry are subjected to pressure and temperature gradients, which cand produce local high compression loads leading to the onset of upheaval buckling failure. Upheaval buckling occurs when the localized stresses across the pipeline are high enough to induce constant deformation due to the low soil restriction in the upward direction. Therefore, models to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipes caused by high pressure and high temperature (HP/HT) and soil stiffness have been developed based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT). However, this theory does not consider stresses and strains due to shear stresses which can play an important role in upheaval buckling failure. Therefore, in this work an analytical model that takes into account Engesser-Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and considers the shear effects on pipelines was developed to predict upheaval buckling in buried marine pipelines. Furthermore, equations that govern vertical buckling of buried pipelines considering a plastic soil with initial imperfection were considered. Analytical results were compared with finite element models of buried pipeline and other models reported in the literature, and it was observed that analytical results fall in the range of those reposted in the literature. It was also observed that the incorporation of shear stresses in buried marine pipelines has low effect on upheaval buckling onset and propagation, but the soil stiffness has a strong influence on upheaval failure in buried marine pipelines.     

FEM-based evaluation of friction and initial imperfections effects on sandwich pipes local buckling

Sandwich pipes have been studied as one option to overcome the high pressure problems in deep and ultra-deep waters. They have become a possible alternative solution for submarine infrastructure due to its thermal insulation capacity. This contribute to preventing the pipeline from clogging due to the difference in temperature between reservoir fluids and water at the bottom of the sea. The pipelines in ultra-deepwater are continually exposed to severe operating conditions, such as the effect of high levels of external pressure that can cause local deformation or even collapse of the pipe. Thus, a greater understanding of the mechanical behavior of sandwich pipes is required. This paper presents a FEM-based evaluation of friction and initial imperfection effects on sandwich pipes local buckling. The non-linear evaluation was carried out in FEM of local buckling of two sandwich pipes, with polypropylene and cement as filled annular material. The influence of initial imperfections and the degree of friction, between the annular material and the steel pipes, as well as geometric variations of the pipe were considered. The numerical simulations results indicate a capacity to withstand ultra-deep waters collapsing pressures, around 3000 m, either for polypropylene or cement filled annular material model. In addition, the results indicate that the collapse pressure is inversely proportional to the increase in annular thickness and directly proportional to the decrease in friction which have an impact and contribution on the carrying capacity of the sandwich pipe. Further research will consider a design of experiments analysis of reported effects for different diameter-to-thickness ratios.     

Three-dimensional pipeline element formulation for global buckling analysis of submarine pipelines with sleeper

Submarine pipelines can utilize sleepers to control global buckling location, which mitigates potential risks under high temperature and pressure. However, pipelines with sleepers require execution in three-dimensional space and experience lateral buckling modes. As such, this paper proposes a 3D pipeline element for lateral buckling analysis, building on previous 2D element formulations. This new element considers non-linear pipe-soil interactions, thermal expansion, axial load, initial imperfections, large deflection, and other major factors that affect lateral buckling. The derivations of the 3D pipeline element are provided in detail, and the numerical analysis procedure is elaborated. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed 3D pipeline element, several examples are presented.     

Exact and simplified estimations for elastic buckling pressures of structural pipe-in-pipe cross sections under external hydrostatic pressure

Structural pipe-in-pipe cross sections have significant potential for application in offshore oil and gas production systems because they combine thermal insulation performance with structural strength and self weight in an integrated way. Such cross sections comprise inner and outer thin-walled pipes with the annulus between them fully filled by a selectable filler material to impart an appropriate combination of properties. Structural pipe-in-pipe cross sections can exhibit several different collapse mechanisms, and the basis of the preferential occurrence of one over the others is of interest. This article presents an exact analysis for predicting the elastic buckling behaviours of a structural pipe-in-pipe cross section when subjected to external hydrostatic pressure. Simplified approximations are also investigated for elastic buckling pressure and mode when the outer pipe and its contact with the filler material is considered as a pipe on an elastic foundation. Results are presented to show the variation of elastic buckling pressure with the relative elastic modulus of the filler and pipe materials, the filler thickness, and the thicknesses of the inner and outer pipes. Case studies based on realistic application scenarios are used to show that the simplified approximations are sufficiently accurate for practical structural design purposes.