An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structure such as ship panel, it will be extremely difficult to converge computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviors are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps:(1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated.(2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.     

Recent research on welding distortion prediction in thin plate fabrication by means of elastic FE computation

Elastic FE simulation with inherent deformation and interface element is an ideal and practical computational approach for predicting welding distortion in production of thin plate structures. In this study, recent researches on inherent deformation theory and welding induced buckling investigation of ship panel were sequentially introduced. Taking bead-on-plate welding as research objective (plate with 2.28 mm in thickness), integration approach with inherent strain was proposed to accurately and conveniently evaluate magnitude of inherent deformation. Also, average temperature to clarify the mechanism of influential effect of plate width on magnitude of inherent deformation was presented and examined. With the mechanism investigation of welding induced buckling by elastic FE analysis using inherent deformation, an application for predicting and mitigating the welding induced buckling in fabrication of ship panel with thin plates by employing different welding procedure patterns was carried out. Examined intermittent zigzag welding procedure is effective to reduce the magnitude of in-plane inherent shrinkages and control the possible welding induced buckling.     

基于固有变形的船用钢薄板对接焊失稳变形的数值分析

在船用钢薄板的焊接过程中,不但会产生常见的焊接变形,也有可能产生焊接失稳变形。本文以焊缝的固有变形为依据,阐明船用钢薄板对接焊失稳变形产生的内在机理；同时,以固有变形为输入参数,通过弹性有限元分析的数值模拟,预测出可能产生的失稳变形模态和变形值；最终,通过四种不同的工艺方法(激光焊、瞬态热拉伸、随焊激冷和间断焊等),来减小固有变形的数值,并控制薄板对接焊接头可能产生的失稳变形。     

Prediction and mitigation of out-of-plane welding distortion of a typical block in fabrication of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform

Out-of-plane welding distortions of block structures during fabrication of offshore structure will significantly influence its dimensional accuracy and production schedule. Taking a B514 block of a semi-submersible lifting and disassembly platform as research object, typical welded joints and their welding conditions were summarized based on actual welding procedure specification (WPS). Effective thermal elastic plastic (TEP) finite element (FE) analysis with parallel computation technology was carried out to examine thermal-mechanical response. Welding inherent deformations, which are considered as the elementary cause of welding distortion, were then evaluated. With welding inherent deformations as mechanical loading, elastic finite element (FE) analysis was then employed to predict dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, which has a good agreement with measurement data. In order to ensure the fabrication accuracy with less out-of-plane welding distortion, inverse deformation approach was applied to reduce the out-of-plane welding distortion, and influence of welding sequence on out-of-plane welding distortion was also examined. Both mitigation practices have obvious effect on dimensional accuracy of examined B514 block, while corresponding mechanical mechanisms were also clarified.     

20000TEU集装箱船抗扭箱结构的焊接变形预控

抗扭箱作为20000TEU超大型集装箱船的关键结构,由于其组成的板材较厚且与集装箱直接接触,因此需严格控制该结构的面外焊接变形。采用基于固有变形理论的弹性有限元分析,预测抗扭箱的焊接变形,且与实际测量结果比较吻合;通过设计大厚板的非对称X型坡口来控制面外变形,结果表明：采用非对称设计的X型焊接坡口更有利于减小变形,仅需一次翻身、提高生产效率。在不考虑装配间隙时,基于高效的热-弹-塑性有限元计算归纳出超厚板(40mm~85mm)的最佳正反面坡口深度比;而考虑实际生产中的装配间隙时,最佳正反面坡口深度比与板材厚板呈非线性关系。最后将考虑装配间隙时,优化的非对称坡口焊接接头应用到抗扭箱结构中,面外焊接变形减小明显,有利于指导船厂的实际生产。     

20000TEU集装箱船水密横舱壁结构精度建造的预控

水密横舱壁作为20000TEU集装箱船的关键结构,对尺寸精度的要求十分严苛,尤其是焊接变形严重影响其建造精度。针对这一问题,采用基于固有变形理论的弹性有限元分析,来预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形。同时,比较了计算固有变形的两种方法的准确度,并且总结了热输入与固有变形各分量的经验公式,还提出了减小面外焊接变形的措施。结果表明,通过与实测数据对比验证了弹性有限元分析可快速、准确地预测水密横舱壁结构的面外焊接变形;对于对接接头,变形反演法比应变积分法得到的横向固有弯曲更准确;热输入与固有变形各分量呈线性递增关系;将整个水密横舱壁结构由原来的3段分成5段,并采用对称焊接顺序,面外焊接变形最小,同时会降低对船厂吊装能力的要求。     

薄板焊接变形高精度预测方法的研究

采用固有应变方法预测焊接变形时,传统方法是把纵向收缩、横向收缩和角变形这三成分作为接头的固有变形来估算焊接变形。但是,由于薄板的刚度低,在纵向方向上的弯曲变形也较明显,采用传统方法会影响薄板焊接变形的预测精度。为提高精度,文章对传统的方法进行了改进,开发了包括考虑纵向弯曲在内的四成分固有变形数值计算方法来预测薄板焊接变形。数值模拟结果表明:运用该方法预测薄板的焊接变形时,比传统的方法有更高的精度,而且预测结果与热弹塑性有限元的模拟结果十分吻合。     

感应加热板材成形的有限元分析及工艺规划

通过感应加热实现板材的热弯成形，具有精准控制、安全便捷等特点。本研究采用新型便携式感应加热设备，对8mm船板钢进行热弯成形试验；并基于热-弹-塑性及弹性有限元计算，预测感应加热面外弯曲变形，与测量数据基本吻合。同时，考虑试验成本高昂，通过大通量的有限性计算，建立感应加热参数与板材弯曲的数据库；并通过回归分析，拟合出感应线圈移动速度与板材弯曲角度间的数学关系。当板材弯曲曲率相同时，通过线加热位置的迭代二分法，可线性逼近板材的目标弯曲形状，进而快速规划加工工艺，并进行了验证。     

船体曲率板感应加热成形工艺研究

[目的]在船舶建造过程中,板材的弯曲成形工艺不仅影响建造成本及周期,而且其成形精度也会影响船舶的水动力性能及其运营成本。[方法]针对船体板材双曲率成形效率低且精度差等问题,首先以感应加热作为热源,实现热弯成形,得到典型的帆形曲率板;然后通过高效的热?弹?塑性有限元(TEP FE)计算及基于弯曲力矩的弹性有限元计算,再现板材双曲率热弯成形的力学响应;同时,研究感应加热过程工艺参数影响板材弯曲成形的力学机理,提出线性逼近迭代二分法,实现板材热弯成形中加热位置和热源移动速度等工艺规划,并进行板材热弯成形过程及参数的有限元计算验证。[结果]结果显示,采用基于规划的工艺参数计算分析所得面外弯曲变形与目标曲率板的弯曲形状相当吻合。[结论]研究结果验证了线性逼近迭代二分法在实际工程应用中的可行性和准确性,并为曲率板成形工艺的优化提供了新的解决方案。     

固有变形计算方法及其在船舶焊接结构变形中的应用

采用基于固有应变法的弹性有限元分析预测大型复杂结构的焊接变形的前提是必须已知焊缝附近的固有变形。结构的焊接残余应力与焊接变形取决于其接头的固有变形大小及分布,因此开发精确计算接头固有变形的方法,并依此建立一个完善的固有变形数据库对于大型复杂结构焊接变形的预测有重要意义。文中提出了几种计算固有变形的方法包括公式法、热弹塑性有限元法、实测法,并分别采用这几种方法对典型T型接头的横向固有收缩与纵向固有收缩进行计算,三种方法得到的结果比较一致。在此基础上,进一步以典型船体结构为研究对象,采用依照这三种方法建立的固有变形数据库对其焊接变形进行预测,并与实测数据进行比较,验证了该数据库的有效性。     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

船体分段焊接变形仿真

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,然而精确预测和控制焊接变形是个难题.文章提供了准确预测焊接变形的固有应变等效载荷法.这种方法运用有限元法结合固有应变理论以及实验结果对焊接变形进行分析:引入简化的弹-塑性分析杆-弹簧模型,通过分析得到固有应变受焊接区域约束度及最高温度分布情况的影响;将固有应变转化为等效载荷,应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.计算结果与LEECH计算及实验结果吻合较好.     

基于固有应变的海洋平台典型结构焊接变形预测

针对半潜式起重拆解平台,运用热弹塑性有限元分析和弹性有限元法,对平台中连接平台和浮体的典型结构,进行焊接变形的预测。通过对焊接接头的预测分析,得到其固有变形,再将计算得到的固有变形,以载荷的形式加载到整个结构中,得到整个结构的焊接变形。通过对三种焊接顺序的比较,得到焊接变形最小的方案。在此基础上,考虑开口对结构焊接变形的影响。研究结果将对半潜式起重拆解平台特殊结构的焊接工艺优化提供理论支撑和数据支持。     

基于高频感应加热的船用钢板材弯曲成形

在船舶建造过程中,高频感应加热是实现船体板材高效高精度弯曲成形的重要方法。本文首先采用25KW新型高频感应加热设备,进行不同感应加热过程及工艺的实验,得到典型弯曲形式的船体外板（马鞍型和帆型）。同时,采用三坐标定位仪进行面外弯曲变形的测量和曲面重构,得到实验板材面外弯曲变形的分布和数值。通过热-弹-塑性有限元分析与弹性有限元分析两种方法,计算预测板材在高频感应加热作用下的面外弯曲变形;两种数值方法预测的板材面外弯曲变形趋势和数值与测量结果比较吻合,且在弹性有限元分析中,计算机资源消耗少,计算结果精度高。     

预测船体分段焊接变形方法概述

船体分段在焊接过程中产生的焊接变形会使船体结构强度降低,精确预测和控制焊接变形是现代造船工艺的要求.焊接变形分析方法包括实验法、解析法、数值分析法、等效载荷法等,常用的是后两种方法.数值分析法采用热弹-塑性有限元模型精确模拟焊接现象,但计算工作量大;等效载荷法计算焊接区域的固有应变,并将其转化为等效载荷,进而应用弹性有限元分析求得整个结构的焊接变形.     

大型复杂船体分段焊接变形研究

为了预估大型复杂船体分段的焊接变形,运用热弹塑性法计算典型结构的焊接变形,得出典型船体分段的固有应变,采用固有应变法计算该船体分段焊接变形,并与实测结果进行对比验证。结果表明:采用固有应变法计算大型复杂船体分段的焊接变形是可行的;船体分段焊接变形呈现整体外张的趋势,且两舷侧边缘位置的焊接变形量最大。     

基于有限元法的T型梁合理设计（英文）

The main configuration of ship construction consists of standard and fabricated stiffening members,such as T-sections,which are commonly used in shipbuilding.During the welding process,the nonuniform heating and rapid cooling lead to welding imperfections such as out-of-plane distortion and residual stresses.Owing to these imperfections,the fabricated structural members may not attain their design load,and removing these imperfections will require extra man-hours.The present work investigated controlling these imperfections at both the design and fabrication stages.A typical fabricated T-girder was selected to investigate the problem of these imperfections using double-sided welding.A numerical simulation based on finite element modeling(FEM) was used to investigate the effects of geometrical properties and welding sequence on the magnitude of the welding imperfections of the T-girder.The FEM results were validated with the experimental measurements of a double-sided fillet weld.Regarding the design stage,the optimum geometry of the fabricated T-girder was determined based on the minimum steel weight and out-of-plane distortion.Furthermore,regarding the fabrication stage,a parametric study with two variables(geometrical properties and welding sequence)was conducted to determine the optimum geometry and welding sequence based on the minimum welding out-of-plane distortion.Increasing the flange thickness and reducing the breadth while keeping the T-girder section modulus constant reduced the T-girder weight and out-of-plane distortion.Noncontinuous welding produced a significant reduction in the out-of-plane distortion,while an insignificant increase in the compressive residual stress occurred.     

基于Weld-sta软件的船体结构焊接变形预测

预测船体复杂结构的焊接变形对制造工艺设计和精度控制具有重要的工程价值.基于固有应变理论,利用船体结构焊接变形预测专用软件Weld-sta对多用途船双层底结构焊接变形进行了预测,发现船长方向收缩最大变形量为13.2mm,船宽方向最大变形量14.5 mm.通过数值模拟结果与实验实测值的对比,可以得到软件计算的精度超过80%,验证了固有应变理论及软件用于焊接变形预测的可靠性,并在此基础上针对船体总段船台合拢的焊接变形进行了预测,发现焊接总收缩变形量为50.339 mm,与实际加工经验基本吻合.根据此结论可以针对各船体总段预留合理的焊接变形收缩量,验证了固有应变为基础的弹性板单元有限元预测法在船体总段合拢焊接中应用的可行性.     

惯性释放法在大型复杂结构焊接变形预测中的应用

在进行大型结构焊接变形有限元分析时,为了固定整体结构刚体位移必须施加不少于6个自由度的约束,但对于自由状态下的结构而言,如何施加这6个最少约束是非常的困难,长期以来是困扰研究人员的难题,也是焊接结构有限元分析在工业现场应用的一个瓶颈。所谓惯性释放法就是可以在不加约束的情况下模拟自由结构的变形。该文将在航海航空领域得到广泛应用的惯性释放法引入大型焊接结构变形分析,解决了自由状态下结构必须施加约束的问题。首先以典型的对接接头为例,比较了两种不同的约束方法之间的差别。然后通过一个典型的船体焊接变形预测的实例,验证了惯性释放法在大型结构中应用的可行性,为焊接结构变形分析在工业生产中广泛应用提供了一个有效的方法。     

T型焊接结构的角变形控制

T型焊接在船舶结构中的应用是非常广泛的.T型接头附近局部的加热及冷却使被焊结构产生残余应力及角变形.目前在船厂精度控制中,通常采用构件焊接后对某些部位进行火工校正的方法来控制残余角变形.论文提供了另外一种有效控制结构残余角变形的方法:对结构焊前施加弹性的反向角变形.文中首先利用热弹塑性有限元来模拟未施加反变形的结构的焊接过程,以估算残余角变形;然后模拟施加了弹性反变形的结构的焊接过程,并计算此时结构的残余角变形,以最终确定构件所需要的弹性反向角变形值.施加了弹性反向角变形的构件在焊接后无需进行火工校正.