Quantification of surrogate safety measure to predict severity of road crashes at median openings

Traffic safety assessment is an integral part of transportation engineering. In a developing country like India, it is observed that in every four second, one person gets injured in road crashes. Moreover, at median openings which are usually uncontrolled in India, the severity of road crashes increase many fold. This is due to the fact that neither lane discipline nor priority rule is followed at the median openings. Conventionally, road crash data reports were used to study and analyze traffic safety. However, the drawback of this traditional method is that a lot of accidents need to be recorded for analysis and to draw any conclusions and take necessary corrective measures. In developing countries like India, available accident data are based on reports submitted by the police department of respective state governments. The accuracy of these accident data details is highly questionable. Therefore, in the recent times surrogate traffic safety measures are being used to analyze traffic safety. Various surrogate traffic measures like Deceleration Time (DT), Time to Collision (TTC), Post Encroachment Time (PET), etc. are being used to examine road safety. These values are based on the temporal and spatial proximity between road-users during possible conflict situation. Among all the traffic safety measures, PET is regarded as the most reliable and most commonly used indicator. Therefore, in this study, PET across different traffic volume levels at median opening area is calculated. A critical safe ratio has been introduced to better analyze the traffic safety at median opening based on minimum stopping sight distance (SSD) as per IRC: 66–1976 and speed to PET ratio. Finally clustering technique has been used to define various severity indices for probable road crashes at median opening area. For this study, data has been collected from different median openings located on six-lane divided urban roads.     

基于道路线形的智能汽车事故多发路段预判模型

分析了道路线形对智能汽车行驶安全性的影响,分别使用数据驱动的机器学习方法和模型驱动的经典数学建模方法,建立了以道路线形技术指标为输入的神经网络模型和多元数学模型,预测事故多发路段;计算了各个道路线形技术指标与事故率之间的偏相关系数,从中挑选出与事故率相关程度较大的道路线形特征,使用T检验和F检验验证了道路线形特征组合和单个特征对事故率的影响。结果表明：基于机器学习的神经网络模型和基于数值逼近理论的多元数学模型预测正确率基本相近,大约为90%;2种模型对道路安全影响较大的道路线形相关不利因素组合相同,均为平曲线转角、横向力系数和纵坡坡度;各种不利因素组合中,平曲线转角、横向力系数和纵坡坡度出现的频率分别为100.0%、91.7%和83.3%,远远大于其他因素;事故多发路段道路线形因素不仅与平曲线转角、横向力系数和纵坡坡度有关,而且与其线形组合有密切关系,组合不当亦会导致事故增加;2种模型可相互验证,考虑计算速度及参数的可解释性,实际中应优先选择多元数学模型进行事故预判。     

我国道路交通安全现状分析

通过对1998年全国道路交通安全现状的研究，分析了我国交通事故的特点、成因，并在此基础上，提出控制和减少交通事故的对策。     

安全评价技术在老路改建中的应用研究

结合沪宁高速公路南京连接线改造工程,在已有交通事故统计资料、全线几何设计参数和大量实测数据的基础上,运用事故统计分析、人机工程学理论和运行速度理念等新的安全评价技术对该路段的安全状况进行分析与评价。通过对所得数据的评价分析找出事故隐患路段和事故黑点并提出具体的安全整改措施,为安全评价技术在老路改建中的应用作了有益的尝试。     

基于交通安全的乡村道路设计技术研究

随着乡村道路交通网络通达顺畅水平的稳步提升，其交通安全形式依然严峻。为进一步提升乡村道路的行车安全水平，现首先分析乡村道路的交通事故特征，从“人-车-路-环境”角度系统分析事故诱因，然后基于事故分析结果，从道路本身属性角度出发，提出乡村道路系统设计要求，最后以桂林市某山区乡村道路为例，结合事故数据分析其交通安全影响因素并提出针对性的改善措施，以适应新时代下四好农村路的建设要求。     

道路交通安全风险辨识与分析方法综述

道路交通安全风险辨识及分析的准确性、全面性, 是实现风险主动防控的基础和关键环节, 直接影响道路交通安全管理的精细化水平。从影响因素和分析方法2个方面对道路交通安全风险相关研究进行综述和评论。针对人的不安全行为、车辆的不安全状态、道路的不安全条件、外界环境刺激等单因素风险, 以及多因素间的关联耦合风险辨识, 梳理了安全风险理论分析法、系统安全分析法、大数据与人工智能分析方法等道路交通安全风险分析方法。研究表明: 安全风险理论分析法、系统安全分析法等以定性分析为主的方法侧重于对道路交通安全风险要素的全面、系统梳理, 具有简单、直观、易操作等优势, 但在多因素交织影响下的道路交通事故定量化剖析和事故成因深度挖掘方面存在较多局限性; 基于多源数据挖掘技术的大数据与人工智能分析方法在海量信息感知、高效计算处理等方面优势明显, 可基于多元数据对交通安全风险进行综合分析、精准挖掘, 刻画多因素耦合下的事故风险特征、探究事故发生规律, 是当前较为主流的研究方向。并提出道路交通安全风险研究领域存在的不足之处及未来研究发展方向, 主要包括多源异构数据的动态采集与融合、智能网联环境下的道路交通安全风险辨识、考虑时空异质性的可移植的道路交通安全风险识别模型研究等。      

Réflexions sur le transfert méthodologique de l’analyse qualitative d’accidents de la circulation routière issue de l’étude détaillée des accidents (EDA) fran?aise aux procédures d’accidents colombiennes

Nearly 90% of the traffic accidents that occur worldwide happen in developing countries. Yet road safety remains a little-studied subject in these countries, and notably accidentology studies, which provide a wealth of information. One of the major problems in studying road accidents in developing countries lies in the lack of reliable accident data. Indeed, while the comprehensive accident analysis methodologies used in developed countries provide an understanding of the origin of accidents and accident processes, as well as making it possible to define suitable, effective actions, they require reliable and relatively detailed accident data. These methodologies are notably based on detailed accident studies (DASs) and their adaptation to the analysis of accident reports. Colombia has an infrastructure for gathering and storing traffic accident data that can be used to perform comprehensive accident analyses. This article defines the feasibility of a technology transfer (clinical accident analysis) to the Colombian equivalent of accident reports. These observations are part of a doctoral thesis prepared jointly by the IFSTTAR Accident Mechanisms Research Unit and the University of the Andes in Bogotá.     

公路网事故多发段(点)判别方法研究

针对在事故多发段判别时,平面交叉节点通处理为路段,平面交叉节点的安全重要性被弱化,判别精度受到了影响的问题;并针对路网事故多发段判别时,先判别事故严重的路,再判别其上事故多发段,忽略了整体事故不严重的路上个别事故多发的段点的问题。对路网中各种等级公路进行归一化处理;根据平面交叉节点行车安全特性,把公路划分为平面交叉节点路段和普通路段;平面交叉节点路段安全影响范围的确定;从而进行路网事故多发段判别。既提高了已有动态步长过滤法等对一条公路进行事故多发段判别的精度,又解决了不同等级、不同特征公路组成的路网在同一水平下的事故多发段判别;为路网安全管理提供了基础。     

Using a surrogate safety approach to prioritize hazardous segments in a rural highway in a developing country

Road safety is a global concern particularly in developing countries where some road sections are disproportionately more vulnerable in terms of the frequency and severity of crashes. Other than using historical crash data based reactive approaches, those sections need to be identified proactively, so that mitigation measures can be applied. Moreover, those approaches are sometimes questioned mainly due to data reliability issues in developing countries. The study reported here is aimed at highlighting the applicability of traffic conflict techniques as surrogate safety measures to identify those sections of a rural highway in a developing country, which are most likely at risk. An adapted framework is demonstrated to identify traffic conflicts using combined surrogate indicators acknowledging the limited resources and facilities in developing countries. A new model is put forwarded using a count data modelling approach. Both fixed and random parameters model derivatives have been explored as an alternative methodological approach to relate the factors affecting the number and probability of conflicts. The partial effects of individual independent variables were estimated to gain a better insight of their impact. The results show that the model can predict high risk segments in terms of probability of conflicts as well as safety risk, as well as prioritize road sections according to the likelihood of their safety level. The model provides a less expensive alternative to the collection of historical crash data in order to identify hazardous road locations or black spots on two-lane highways in developing countries.¹     

不良线形组合情况下城市道路工程与交通安全设施设置措施的探讨

在城市道路设计中,一些道路与立交匝道形成了如小半径平曲线、陡坡等不良的平纵线形组合,在车辆超速、天气等不利条件的共同作用下容易引发重大交通事故,造成负面的社会影响。通过对规划、设计、速度等方面的原因分析,希望引起设计、管理部门的重视,并提出通过适度增加工程措施、加大交通安全设施设置力度的方法,达到限制和降低车辆的运行速度,保障交通安全的目的。     

城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全影响因素分析和改善思路

总结城市水下道路隧道事故分布规律，从驾驶人、隧道光环境及道路条件3方面分析隧道驾驶安全影响因素，对现有安全改善措施及其优缺点进行剖析，并指出城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化研究趋势： 应以提升隧道光环境质量为主，考虑交通事故形态、事故致因及影响因素，在确保交通安全的基础上，考虑不同隧道路段驾驶人差异化视觉需求。驾驶人视觉需求可以分为功能性、安全性与舒适性需求，对应的隧道行车环境可分为基本型、安全型与舒适型视觉参照系。提出以构建城市水下道路隧道舒适型视觉参照系为目标，通过隧道照明与隧道视线诱导技术相结合，缓解隧道出入口参照系的剧烈过渡，加强中间段弱视觉参照的城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化方法。构建基于空间路权、人因与驾驶任务、差异性与韵律性的隧道驾驶安全优化评价指标体系，为城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化提供新思路。     

Meeting the management challenges of the Decade of Action for Road Safety

In low- and middle-income countries, the high price paid for mobility in terms of human loss and suffering is forecast to rise to unprecedented levels. More than 50 million deaths and 500 million serious injuries on the world's roads can be projected with some certainty over the first 50 years of the 21st century, unless sustained new initiatives are taken. This paper addresses the emergence of road safety as a development priority over the last decade and the management challenges facing the planned global response aimed at bringing road safety outcomes in developing countries under control. It outlines the decade of advocacy that created the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020 and related Global Plan, and highlights the concern that over the coming decade low and middle income countries will face considerable management challenges in successfully implementing related measures and sustaining their delivery. The paper discusses new road safety management tools that have been developed by the World Bank and ISO to provide assistance to countries and organizations within an integrated framework that ensures that measures taken are properly sequenced and adjusted to their absorptive and learning capacities. It concludes that strengthened institutions and the accelerated knowledge creation and transfer central to this, plus scaled-up investment and increased international cooperation and development aid are critical to the successful achievement of the Global Plan's ambitious goal.     

Evaluation of risk factors for road accidents under mixed traffic: Case study on Indian highways

This paper presents an evaluation of risk factors for highway crashes under mixed traffic conditions. The basis of selecting study sites was abutting land use, roadway, and traffic characteristics. Accordingly, the study selected thirteen segments on the existing highway network in the state of West Bengal of India, covering a wide spectrum of such road attributes. A systematic investigation based on site-specific accident data to capture the highway sections' safety features revealed that the crash rate has steadily increased for years with traffic regardless of roadway category and conditions. A number of risk factors that affect road accidents were identified; they are mid-block access, pavement and shoulder conditions, vehicle involvement, time of day, and road configuration, i.e., two and multi-lane. The empirical observation indicates that the crash rate is relatively lower on multi-lane highways; however, the severity of any crash on such a road is relatively high. Notably, the crash frequencies on such roads are less during daylight hours due to the lane-based unidirectional traffic movement. This is quite the opposite during nighttime when drivers exhibit an inability to meet traffic contingencies, thereby increasing crash risk. The majority of crashes on two-lane highways are, on the other hand, due to unsafe driving manoeuvers. The study also observed that frequent mid-block accesses and poor shoulder conditions reduce scopes to rectify driving errors and increase crash risk as a consequence. The paper subsequently suggests proactive approaches to identify safety deficits at the time of planning and designing.     

道路交通事故信息采集技术及应用

随着社会经济的发展,当前我国购买和使用汽车的人数不断上升,而在有限的道路交通资源的情况下,交通拥堵以及交通事故发生的频率大大上升,而一旦发生交通事故,则需要对交通事故车辆及周围环境进行信息采集,对事故现场进行重建,进而还原事故产生的原因,进而对事故车辆的责任进行鉴定。近年来,为了更好地重建事故现场,分析相关事故产生的原因,对事故车辆进行责任鉴定以及采取措施减少事故发生的概率,如今在大部分地区已经使用了信息技术、监控技术以及人工智能技术等对交通事故信息进行采集。本文主要介绍了当前在交通事故信息采集过程中主要应用的三种技术类型,包括:基于摄影测量的技术、基于视频解算及分析的技术以及基于电子智能的技术。并分析了这些技术在交通事故信息数据库、交通事故分析重建、道路交通安全状况改善过程中的应用。     

Analyse de la prise en compte de la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains

At the time when Urban Travel Plans (utps) are being introduced it is important to see how they take safety into account, certu's analysis of a dozen recent docuements shows the position occupied by road safety in utps, reveals the stated aims of the utps, identifies local actions aimed at improving road safety and highlights current or foresedable problems in the implementation of utps. The analysis shows that the way safety is taken into account varies considerably from one city to another. The desire to introduce measures to improve safety is usually present, but there is uncertainty as to how to tackle the issue. The examples of methods and actions that are given in this paper may provide some ideas which merit further examination for utps in the future. It is already obvious that utps will be responsible for profound changes in urban travel and its safety, and the results obtained over the next five years will doubtless have important consequences for the cities of tomorrow.     

The future of road safety: A worldwide perspective

Estimates by the World Health Organization suggest that, on a yearly basis, road crashes kill 1.25 million people—nearly 3400 road fatalities per day—and injure up to 50 million. Traffic injuries are not equally spread over the world, however; some countries are hit harder than others, and the chance of being killed in a road crash depends on where one lives. Almost 90% of all traffic casualties occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Globally, the number of fatalities per 100,000 population (mortality rate) ranges from less than 3 to almost 40. The rate is less than 9 in high-income countries (HIC) but averages around 20 in LMIC, with the African region demonstrating the highest rate (26.6). While road safety trends have been positive in HIC over the last few decades, trends in LMIC are not telling a positive story: road fatalities are expected to increase to almost 2 million road fatalities per year by 2020.The United Nations has adopted several resolutions on road safety and proposes actions to tackle the global road safety crisis. Considering the current level of road safety to be unacceptable, the UN has taken several initiatives. One effort, the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020, has generated substantial activity around the world over the last couple of years. Furthermore, it is very encouraging that the UN included road safety in the Sustainable Development Goals that it laid out in September 2015. Road safety is part of the public health agenda and the urban development agenda. Measured in “real actions,” however, the responses so far from the overall global community and individual countries do not suggest that we are already on the right track to bringing down the death toll on roads.The future of road safety is uncertain and definitely not the same for all regions of the world. Countries with a mature road safety approach and an ambition to make further progress are expected to move in the direction of a pro-active approach: a Safe System approach. It is reported that many LMIC, meanwhile, are on the brink of designing road safety strategies and implementing action plans. The international community is willing to support LMIC, but LMIC cannot simply copy successful HIC strategies because local circumstances differ. The principles of successful HIC strategies are applicable, but the priorities and action plans should take root in and align with local conditions.     

浅谈沪青平公路拦路港桥西桥坡抢修

本文主要通过对沪青平公路拦路港桥西桥坡道路现状线形、路面摩擦系数、路面排水、交通安全设施的评价,分析交通事故产生的原因,确定实施抢修的工程方案及实施效果。     

城市干道系统交通事故预测模型研究

以哈尔滨市干道路网为研究对象,收集到了该路网上468个路段和163个平面交叉口的道路交通数据,以及1999年至2004年所发生的8510起交通事故数据.分析了事故数据的统计分布特性,应用聚类分析技术确定了路段和交叉口的类别 ,并在此基础上分别建立了事故总体和分事故形态的预测模型.论文探讨了高峰时段的事故次数、事故率与路段v/c之间的定量关系.标定出了24个模型,并形成干道系统事故预测模型库.最后,运用所建立的事故预测模型选取了2010年哈尔滨规划路网的一部分进行实例分析,结果表明了预测模型是有效的.     

高速公路交通事故数据分析方法研究

高速公路交通事故数据对管理部门提升道路交通安全具有重要意义。为研究贵州省某两条高速公路历史交通事故数据分布规律与事故发展趋势,首先利用邻近度与关联性分析方法,完善事故数据;然后分析道路特征对交通安全的影响,划分连续下坡路段、隧道路段单元范围;最后对路段单元进一步划分为区块,建立不同区块范围内的事故概率与区块位置的预测模型,其中连续下坡路段后半段符合线形关系,隧道进出口段符合二次函数关系,并根据事故分布特征提出改善方案,进而辅助管理者掌握不同特征路段未来可能发生交通事故的路段范围以及改善的优先级。     

International and intercultural differences in arguments used against road safety policy measures

Policy measures in the field of road safety are not easily implemented for several reasons. Interventions can be undertaken in a multitude of policy areas, but it is often uncertain how effective the measures are. Moreover, policymakers may be reluctant to implement road safety policy measures because of the expected high costs and/or perceived low public support. To understand the arguments used against policy measures for road safety, a survey was conducted in ten countries (China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, Greece, France, Nigeria, and Argentina). Respondents were presented with ten possible road safety measures and asked whether they would support or oppose them, what arguments their opinion was based on, and what the consequence of the measure would be on them individually. This paper describes the main findings of the research and then zooms in on three counterarguments: restriction of mobility, discrimination, and unjustifiability of state interventions, as well as on three of the measures considered—compulsory use of ISA systems, mandatory cycle helmets, and screening of older motorists. With this research, previous results on the level of public support have been confirmed, and new insights have been gained. If people feel safe when using a particular transport mode, they are less conscious of the need for additional or stricter measures affecting their transport mode. The perceived restriction of human liberties, fear of discrimination, and resistance to state interventions fuel opposition against measures. Moreover, people from different countries vary in what they consider fair and unfair, which is linked to the national culture and social organization. Even if a measure was perceived to be unfair from a certain perspective (e.g., discrimination), some respondents supported the measure. Our research also illustrates that even people who recognize that a measure would be effective might oppose it because they think it is not justified from at least one perspective, for instance, an excessive restriction of freedom.