改性菜籽油的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

绿色润滑基础油的研究工作在国内外得到了越来越多的重视。以菜籽油为原料,进行酰胺化改性,通过碱值和氮含量的比较,挑选出两种改性菜籽油作为润滑基础油,和纯菜籽油以及加氢油5Cst在四球摩擦磨损试验机上进行摩擦学性能比较,发现改性后的菜籽油相对有较好的极压、抗磨和减摩性能。EDS对磨损钢球表面分析得出醇胺改性后的菜籽油由于含有活性氮元素,其在摩擦表面形成有机氮和无机氮组成的复杂膜,可以明显提高基础油的摩擦学性能。     

Experimental Research on the Reusing ＆ Recycling Technology of Oil Extraction Wastewater Treatment in Oil Field

How to use water resource effectively is an important problem in developing industry. Three combined processes which are composed of oil separator＋de-emulsification flocculation＋sand filtration （SDF）, oil separator q-hydrolytic acidification＋SBR （SAS） and oil separator＋de emulsification flocculation ＋SBR （SDS） are conducted in laboratory-scale experiment to treat oil extraction wastewater for an oil field. The experimental results show that the removal rate of COD（chemistry oxygen demand） and oil treated by SDF process are 85 % and 95 % respectively, the residual oil in effluent can meet the discharge standard, but the residual COD can not. The removal rate of COD and BOD （biological oxygen demand） of the SAS effluent are 85% and 90% respectively, the BOD can meet but the COD can not meet discharge standard. So the further treatment is required in the process. The SDS effluent with removal rate of 95% and 90% are obtained for COD and BOD respectively, which can completely meet the national standards of oil wastewater discharge and refilling （China）. The experimental result shows that oil extraction wastewater has turned into water resource after being, treated by SDS.     

化粪池污水处理能力研究及其评价

通过对西北地区典型城市兰州市某居民区化粪池的调查,分析了生活污水通过化粪池后水质的变化及其对各污染指标的去除率．结果表明,生活污水经化粪池处理后,CODCr、BODs、总氮、总磷、动植物油浓度均有降低,年平均去除率分别达到83．6％,51．1％,64．3％,68．2％,75．6％．污水的可生化性有明显提高．研究结果对于全面评价化粪池的功能特征,进而为化粪池的取舍提供技术参考．     

磷受控对酿酒废水-微藻培育耦合体系的影响

为考察酿酒废水-微藻培育耦合体系的最适磷营养条件,对莱茵衣藻、二形栅藻在单一培养和共培养条件下的生长状况进行了观察,并剖析了对酿酒废水中营养盐的吸收去除效率. 采用控制变量法对酿酒废水总磷浓度进行调控,研究了不同磷浓度对微藻的干重、比生长速率、蛋白质含量,以及对总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、总磷（total phosphorus,TP）、化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）去除量和去除效率的影响. 研究结果表明:莱茵衣藻对磷需求总体上大于二形栅藻对磷需求,当初始总磷浓度为16.40 mg/L,初始氮磷比为2.45时,莱茵衣藻最终生物量达到839.50 mg/L,藻蛋白含量达到53.37 mg/L,对TN、TP、COD的去除率分别为93.48%、91.75%、67.90%;二形栅藻生物量最高达到650.00 mg/L,藻蛋白含量达到131.04 mg/L,对TN、TP、COD的去除率分别为95.76%、73.93%、83.43%;而两种藻在共培养条件下,其生长曲线处于单一培养两种微藻下的生长曲线之间,TP、TN的去除率分别为83.66%、95.24%,COD的去除规律与二形栅藻类似. 研究发现酿酒废水-微藻培育耦合体系,无论是单一还是共培养体系,酿酒废水总体均能达到地表水环境质量标准（GB3838—2002）的Ⅳ类水总磷要求.      

气水比对O/A/A三级生物滤池脱氮除磷效果影响试验研究

采用了0（好氧）/A（缺氧）/A（厌氧）三级组合式生物滤池,考察了在不同气水比（1：1、2∶1、3∶1、5∶1、7：1、10：1）的条件下COD、SS、NH＋-N、TN、TP等指标的去除效果的变化.实验结果表明：当气水比从1∶1增至5∶1时,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷等指标的去除率随着气水比的增大而提高,SS的去除率在气水比为3∶1时达到最大值88％,随着气水比的进一步升高,SS的去除率反而略有下降;当气水比从5∶1增大到10∶1时,COD、总氮和总磷的去除率随着气水比的增大反而有所下降;当气水比为5∶1时,COD、总氮和总磷、均达到各自去除率的最大值,分别为86.7％,61％和34.2％.氨氮的去除率在7∶1时达到最大值73％;当气水比从7∶1增至10∶1时,氨氮的去除率略有下降.因此,结合以上的分析以及考虑到动力消耗等因素,选择气水比在3∶1至5∶1之间时,以上各项指标均可达到理想的处理效果.     

热处理对增材制造贝氏体钢组织及性能的影响

针对金属电弧增材制造过程热循环在线控制困难,导致成形组织不均、力学性能低下的问题,以辙叉用贝氏体钢为成形材料,研究了不同整体后热处理工艺对其电弧增材制造试样组织及性能的影响,并对热处理工艺进行了优化.研究结果表明:去应力退火后的电弧增材制造试样力学性能较差,且存在各向异性,经290 ℃等温淬火与280 ℃回火处理后,试样微观组织由回火索氏体转变为下贝氏体+回火马氏体,抗拉强度提升39%,屈服强度提升61%,断后延伸率提升29%,冲击韧性提升17%,硬度提升20%,且各向异性特征大大缓解,材料组织趋于均匀.      

微生物淋溶法去除污泥中的重金属

为了降低污泥中毒性重金属对环境的危害,采用单因素实验研究培养基的pH 值、微生物的接种量、淋 溶的温度及循环淋溶时间对重金属去除效果的影响及最优条件下污泥中重金属含量变化.结果表明:淋溶液的 pH 值随污泥中重金属的去除逐渐降低,培养基最佳的pH 值为1.0,最佳微生物的接种量为15.0%,最佳淋溶 温度为30C,最佳循环淋溶时间为全天循环;在最佳工艺条件下,污泥中Cd、Mn、Cu、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别高 达88.0%、88.0%、69.0%、67.0%和83.0%.      

Screening of Bioflocculant-Producing Strains and Characteristics of Microbial Flocculation

A high effective bioflocculant-producing strain named LB1 was isolated and screened from the leachate by routine micro-method. The strain was identified as genus Pseudomonas according to the morphologic and physiological-biochemical characteristics of the strain. The biological characteristics of the microbial flocculants produced by LB1 were investigated. The results show that the optimal production period of microbial flocculant using LB1 is 96 h; and the products, found in the fermentation liquor, comprise the extracellular organic matter (EOM) of LB1 generated during LB1 growth and the secondary metabolites in the anaphase of LB1. Meanwhile, the mycelia can improve the performance of the microbial flocculants. Because heat has a greater influence on the active substance in the microbial flocculants than other factors, the activity of the flocculants decreases with increasing temperature and the time of heating. The flocculants can flocculate mud-containing and melanin-containing wastewater effectively with a flocculation ratio of 85.1% and 92. 2% , respectively. The optimal heating temperature varies from 20 to 45 ℃. When flocculating the two wastewater, the flocculating activity of the flocculants is above 57. 7% and 70.9% , respectively, in a wide pH range from 3 to 11.     

~(99)Tc~m-HL91在肺部肿瘤诊断中的临床价值

目的　应用99Tcm HL91进行肺部肿瘤阳性显像 ,探讨其在肿瘤良恶性诊断中的临床应用价值。方法　对 42例高度怀疑肺部肿瘤的患者注射99Tcm HL91后行 2h、4h平面显像及 4hSPECT/CT断层融合显像 ,使用ROI技术计算肿块与对侧正常肺组织的比值 (T/N)。结果　恶性组在 2h、4h平面及 4h断层图像上T/N值分别为 1.50±0 .17、1.71± 0 .2 2、2 .72± 0 .75,良性病变组分别为 1.2 1± 0 .10、1.2 5± 0 .2 2、1.49± 0 .3 6,各组间均有显著性差异 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;恶性组 4h延迟平面像组较 2h组T/N比值明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,而良性组无明显增高 (P >0 .0 5) ;各病理类型各时相之间无显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;以恶性组横断层T/N值 x -1s为诊断阈值 ,其诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确性分别为 84.85%、88.89%和 85.71% ;以良性组 x + 1s为诊断阈值 ,灵敏度、特异度及准确性分别为 90 .91%、88.89%和 95.2 4%。结论　99Tcm HL91作为一种肿瘤阳性显像剂 ,对肺部肿瘤的定性诊断具有较高价值     

香料废水预处理工艺研究

采用铁碳还原-Fenton氧化-臭氧氧化的联合处理工艺作为高浓度香料废水的预处理方法,筛选出最佳的反应条件．结果表明,经该工艺处理后的高浓度香料废水,铁碳还原工艺的CODcr去除率为39％,Fenton氧化工艺的CODcr去除率为29．3％,臭氧氧化工艺的CODcr去除率为13．7％,CODcr的总去除率为82％．并设计制作了一套连续处理设备,稳定运行后,对香料废水的CODcr去除率达到80％,可以达到工艺设计要求．且该工艺效率高,易于实现工业化．     

Improvement of oil/water selectivity by stearic acid modified expanded perlite for oil spill cleanup

Ecological disasters and economic losses resulting from oil spills have reminded us the necessity for finding an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and available in large-scale materials to minimize the oil spill effects. The development of high oil/water selectivity mineral sorbent for the removal of oil from the water is of great interest for oil spill cleanup. In this work, highly oil/water selectivity sorbent of expanded perlite modified with stearic acid was prepared by solution-immersion processes, and the characterization of sorbent was analyzed by Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy technique. The optimized amount of loaded stearic acid (SA) on the expanded perlite surface was found to be 2.0%. Then the sorption characteristics of unmodified expanded perlite (UMEP) and stearic acid modified expanded perlite (SMEP) were tested. The effects of different particles size, oil/water volume ratio and sorption simulated condition were investigated. It was found that expanded perlite modified with stearic acid could adsorb selectively oil from water in oil/water system. The maximum oil/water sorption ratio of SMEP was 46, which was about 191 times that of UMEP (0.24) in studied experimental range. The FT-IR analysis demonstrated the presence of long-chain alkyl group in the SMEP samples, which played an important role in oil/water selectivity of SMEP samples. The equilibrium were tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, and oil sorption process of SMEP showed good correlation with the Langmuir isotherm model.     

高温条件下UASB反应器对苯酚的降解研究

采用高温上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器降解苯酚废水,研究利用中温颗粒污泥启动高温UASB反应器的可行性,研究UASB反应器降解苯酚的极限浓度。试验结果证明,当HRT为20小时时,UASB反应器可以降解的苯酚浓度高达5500mgCOD/L,容积负荷为6.6gCOD/(L.d),苯酚去除率达到90.3%。     

带钢管剪力键的装配式混凝土桥墩抗震性能

为研究不同连接方式装配式混凝土桥墩的抗震性能,进行了2根装配式混凝土桥墩（连接构造分别为钢管剪力键和灌浆套筒）和1根现浇整体式混凝土桥墩的拟静力试验,分析对比试件的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、刚度退化和耗能能力,采用ABAQUS通用程序建立有限元模型,并开展了有限元参数分析. 研究结果表明:3类桥墩试件水平荷载-位移滞回曲线较饱满,具有良好的抗震性能,均为整体压弯破坏,无明显的强度退化,累积耗能能力相近;在不同轴压比、长细比、混凝土强度和钢筋强度条件下,带钢管剪力键的装配式混凝土桥墩的水平峰值荷载和位移延性系数均优于传统灌浆套筒连接的装配式桥墩,提高幅值分别为4%～32%和8%～36%;轴压比、长细比、钢管剪力键嵌入深度和钢管直径是影响钢管剪力键连接的装配式混凝土桥墩抗震性能的重要参数.      

城市区域机动车排放定量评价方法

搭建了机动车车载排放测试平台,获取了实际排放数据。对轻型车比功率进行了分区,得到了3种排放污染物的质量排放率。基于OD数据反推,将速度和加速度作为输入参数,采用排放模型和交通仿真模型,计算了城市区域的机动车排放总量与排放比例。计算结果表明:在晚高峰时段,CO、HC、NOx3种排放污染物的小时排放量分别为163.364 7、19.453 9、77.701 8kg;轻型车、中型车和公交车的CO排放比例分别为65.45%、29.57%、4.98%;轻型车、中型车和公交车的HC排放比例分别为57.68%、26.03%、16.29%;轻型车、中型车和公交车的NOx排放比例分别为48.11%、4.63%、47.26%;轻型车和中型车是CO和HC排放控制的重点,而公交车为NOx排放控制的重点。     

PAFC及其复配PDMDAAC强化混凝处理西北黄土塬集雨窖水

针对西北黄土塬地区集雨窖水所具有的含浊低温微污染的水质特征,采用PAFC及其复配PDMDAAC进行强化混凝实验,实验考察了影响混凝效果的主要因素．结果表明：在PAFC的最佳投量为60mg／L,混合搅拌强度200r／min,搅拌0．5min,絮凝搅拌强度50r／min,絮凝10min,静沉15min的条件下,浊度、ρ（CODMn）和UV254的去除率分别为94．8％、58．7％和33．1％;混凝剂PAFC与助凝剂PDMDAAC的复配可强化混凝的效果,当PDMDAAC的最佳投量为0．2mg／L时,ρ（CODMn）和UV254的去除率分别可提高6．7％和7．2％．     

重塑黄土的湿化变形规律及细观结构演化特性

为了研究填土在三轴浸水过程中的湿化变形规律及其细观结构演化特性,用改进的非饱和土CT-三轴仪对延安新区的重塑Q₂黄土做了3组共17个偏压固结浸水试验. 在三轴浸水过程中对试样的两个断面进行了多次CT扫描,得到了固结和湿化过程中土样的宏观变形以及土样内部细观结构演化的CT图像和相应的CT数据,基于CT数定义了土的结构性参数和结构演化变量. 研究结果表明:干密度、净围压、基质吸力和偏应力均对试样的湿化变形特性有显著影响;提高干密度可有效减小湿化变形量和降低湿剪破坏的风险（干密度1.52、1.69 g/cm3的试样浸水过程中体应变分别为–0.58%～4.66%、–0.58%～2.43%,干密度1.79 g/cm3的试样体应变为0.019%）;湿化过程中试样越来越密实,试样的CT数均增大;浸水初期,试样原有结构发生破坏,CT数变化较剧烈,均能达到总变化量的60%;同时干密度、净围压、基质吸力、偏应力及含水率对土的结构性参数和结构演化变量有显著影响. 研究成果对填土工程的设计具有重要参考价值,为建立非饱和重塑黄土的结构损伤演化方程与结构性模型提供了科学依据.      

UL2基因与HSV-1在三叉神经节中潜伏感染的相关性

目的　深入了解UL2基因与HSV 1在三叉神经节潜伏感染的相关性。方法　选择HSV 1国际参考标准株F株、HSV 1RE(株 ) (UL2基因插入突变株 )和其亲代HSV 1△ 30 5株 (TK- )三株病毒进行对比分析研究。对三株HSV 1病毒腹腔免疫接种小鼠双侧三叉神经节分别进行PCR扩增。结果　HSV 1 (RE)和HSV 1 (△ 30 5)组HSV 1潜伏感染率明显低于HSV 1 (F)组 (P <0 0 2 5) ,提示UL2基因可能在HSV 1形成潜伏感染过程中起一定作用。经HSV 1 (F)病毒攻击实验后三个实验组小鼠 ,其潜伏感染率无明显变化 ,而对照组小鼠潜伏感染率明显高于HSV 1 (RE)组和HSV 1 (△ 30 5)组 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　HSV 1 (RE)株的免疫接种可以预防HSV 1潜伏感染的建立。同时也为HSV 1RE株作为神经系统疾病基因治疗载体提供了理论依据     

强腐后Q345钢力学性能退化试验

系统研究了强腐后Q345钢表面形貌和腐蚀时间对其力学性能退化的影响;采用浓度36%工业盐酸在室温环境下快速腐蚀的方法,设计了腐蚀时间分别为0、1、2、4、8、12、24、48、72 h的9组钢试件;采用三维非接触激光扫描仪和扫描电镜扫描腐蚀钢,测量了最大蚀坑宽度、高度和腐蚀试件厚度,计算了最大蚀坑影响系数;开展了拉伸试验,结合扫描形貌与微观组织形态解释了强腐后Q345钢的力学性能退化机理;建立了浓度36%工业盐酸在室温环境强腐后Q345钢的腐蚀动力学曲线和本构关系模型,揭示了强腐后Q345钢的力学性能退化规律。研究结果表明:随着腐蚀时间的增加,Q345钢的腐蚀动力学曲线展示了腐蚀率的变化规律;腐蚀时间在1 h以内,最大蚀坑影响系数增大最为明显,钢的名义屈服强度、名义抗拉强度、名义弹性模量和伸长率退化较大,分别达到未腐蚀钢的3.00%、0.69%、1.99%和4.88%;当腐蚀时间超过12 h,最大蚀坑影响系数增加缓慢,钢的名义屈服强度、名义抗拉强度、名义弹性模量和伸长率退化较为缓慢,分别达到未腐蚀钢的7.58%、4.02%、10.27%和26.64%;随着最大蚀坑影响系数和腐蚀时间的增加,屈强比变化较小;在腐蚀试件的应力-应变本构关系曲线中,随着腐蚀时间的增加,钢材的屈服平台逐渐缩短甚至消失,钢材由延性破坏转变为脆性破坏。      

Effect of carbon nanotube concentration on cooling behaviors of oil-based nanofluids during the immersion quenching

Oil-based nanofluids including 0.75%—1.75%(mass fraction) carbon nanotubes(CNTs) without any surfactants have been synthesized by a two-step process. The probes machined from 45~# steel with 22 mm diameter and 50 mm length are quenched in the as-synthesized CNT nanofluids for testing the cooling behaviors of the nanofluids. The laser diffraction particle size analyzer, scanning electronic microscope(SEM), X-ray diffractometer and transmission electron microscope(TEM) are used to characterize the quality and distribution of CNTs in the nanofluids. The wettability and viscosity of 30~# oil and oil-based CNT nanofluids are measured by a goniometer at 15℃ and a rotational type viscometer at 40℃, respectively. The results show that the cooling efficiency of the oil-based CNT nanofluids is better than that of 30~# oil. Moreover, the cooling rate of the naonofluids increases with the further increase of the CNT concentration. When the mass fraction of CNTs increases to 1.75%, the cooling rate of the naonofluids reaches a maximum at 760℃ and it is increased by 77.8% as compared to that of base oil. The improved cooling rate of oil by CNTs is mainly due to the uniform distribution and excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs.     

矩形钢管高强混凝土框架抗震性能分析

为研究地震作用下矩形钢管高强混凝土框架的破坏机理和抗震性能,进行了单跨两层矩形钢管高强混凝土框架低周反复荷载试验和有限元分析. 考察结构试件在试验过程中塑性铰出现的位置、顺序及塑性发展程度,研究其破坏机制和破坏模式. 研究结构滞回曲线与骨架曲线,分析其承载能力、变形能力、耗能能力以及强度和刚度退化情况. 在此基础上,采用有限元软件Perform-3D对矩形钢管高强混凝土框架试件进行参数分析,研究了轴压比、钢材屈服强度及静力弹塑性分析水平侧向力加载模式等对结构抗震性能影响. 结果表明:矩形钢管高强混凝土框架试件呈梁铰破坏形态,并具有承载能力高、变形能力和耗能能力强的特点. 试件平均峰值荷载较屈服荷载提高了1.68倍;顶层和底层最大层间位移角分别为1/30和1/27,分别超过了规范规定限值的66.7%和85.2%. 延性系数分别超出了规定限值的58.5%和60.0%;轴压比对结构抗震性能影响显著. 当轴压比大于0.6时,结构承载能力与变形能力明显降低;水平侧向力加载模式对结构承载能力影响大. 均匀加载模式下结构承载能力最大,顶点加载模式下最小,倒三角形加载模式居于二者之间. 研究成果可为矩形钢管高强混凝土框架结构抗震设计提供参考.