Thermal Transport in Nanoporous Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is widely used as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to reduce heat transfer between hot gases and metallic components in gas-turbine engines. Porous structure can generally reduce the lattice thermal conductivity of bulk material, so porous YSZ can be potentially used as TBCs with better thermal performance. In this work, we investigate the thermal conductivity of nanoporous YSZ using the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation, and comprehensively discuss the effects of cross-sectional area, pore size, structure length, porosity, Y₂O₃ concentration and temperature on the thermal conductivity. To compare with the results of the NEMD simulation, we solve the heat diffusion equation and the gray Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) to calculate the thermal conductivity of the same porous structure. From the results, we find that the thermal conductivity of YSZ has a weak dependence on the structure length at the length range from 10 to 26 nm, which indicates that the majority of heat carriers have very short mean free path (MFP) but there exists small percentage (about 3%) of phonons with longer MFP (larger than 10 nm) contributing to the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity predicted by NEMD simulation is smaller than that of solving heat diffusion equation (diffusive limit) with the same porous structure. It shows that the presence of pores affects phonon scattering and further affects the thermal conductivity of nanoporous YSZ. The results agree well with the solution of gray BTE with a average MFP of 0.6 nm. The thermal conductivity of nanoporous YSZ weakly depends on the Y₂O₃ concentration and temperature, which shows the phonons with very short MFP play the major contribution to the thermal conductivity. The results help to better understand the heat transfer in porous YSZ structure and develop better TBCs.     

疏水-亲水型硅胶固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的研究

目的　评价疏水 亲水型硅胶作为载体固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的性能 ,以期制备出能用于临床体液中葡萄糖浓度测定的生物传感器。方法　以甲基三甲氧基硅 (MTMOS)和γ 氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷 (APTMOS)为原料 ,利用溶胶 凝胶技术制成了一种疏水 亲水型硅胶 ,以 1 乙基 3 (3 二甲基氨丙基 ) 碳二亚胺·盐酸 (EDC)和N 羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)为催化剂 ,利用葡萄糖氧化酶 (GOD)分子中的羧基基团与硅胶中氨基基团间的碳二亚胺偶联反应 ,实现了GOD在硅胶上的固定化 ,考察了固定化GOD的基本性质。结果　固定化GOD活力最优时的条件如下 :APTMOS的体积分数为 70 %、给酶量为 16 80 0U、最适温度和最适pH值分别为 35℃和 5 .5 ,固定化GOD具有很好的操作稳定性和贮存稳定性 ,其米氏常数Km为 9.1mmol·L-1。结论　疏水 亲水型硅胶是一种新型的酶固定化载体 ,可用于多种酶的固定化。     

熔融石英砂动力特性动三轴试验

为探究振动荷载作用下熔融石英砂液化破坏过程中动变形和动强度变化规律, 促进透明土技术在岩土工程动力特性可视化模型试验中的推广和应用, 对构成透明砂土骨架结构的典型粒径(0.5~1.0 mm)熔融石英砂开展饱和试样动三轴试验; 研究了不同围压、加载频率和动应力比等试验条件下熔融石英砂试样的累积轴向应变、动孔压发展模式、动应力衰减、动弹性模量和阻尼比的变化规律, 并将试验结果与相同级配的标准砂进行了对比。分析结果表明: 熔融石英砂累积轴向应变随动应力比的增大呈现出由稳定型向破坏型转变的趋势, 加载频率为0.5~1.5 Hz时, 临界动应力比为0.150~0.175, 小于标准砂的0.200~0.225;升高围压、增大动应力比、降低加载频率会加快试样塑性应变累积, 缩短液化破坏时间; 熔融石英砂孔压发展模式随围压增大逐渐由Seed孔压模型向指数型过渡, 增大加载动应力会加剧液化破坏后孔压的振动幅度; 相同动应力比下, 熔融石英砂与标准砂的动应力与动应变呈现线性相关, 在围压大于200 kPa时, 二者动应力衰减幅度随围压的增大而逐渐减小; 熔融石英砂的动弹性模量和阻尼比表现为线性关系, 动弹性模量随动应变的增大呈现出双曲线型减小的趋势, 并随围压的增大而增大; 阻尼比随动应变的增加先增大后基本稳定在0.22, 发展曲线受围压影响较小。      

Integrated fluid-thermal-structural numerical analysis for the quenching of metallic components

The quenching of a metal component with a channel section in a water tank is numerically simulated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to model the multiphase flow and the heat transfer in film boiling, nucleate boiling and convective cooling processes to calculate the difference in heat transfer rate around the component and then combining with the thermal simulation and structure analysis of the component to study the effect of heat transfer rate on the distortion of the U-channel component. A model is also established to calculate the residual stress produced by quenching. The coupling fluid-thermal-structural simulation provides an insight into the deformation of the component and can be used to perform parameter analysis to reduce the distortion of the component.     

硅灰和减水剂对水泥耐硫酸盐腐蚀的影响

本文进行的研究表明:掺入硅灰或减水剂能降低水泥石中氢氧化钙(CH)与钙矾石(AFt)的含量,增加水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)的含量,改善孔结构,显著减少大孔体积,增加小孔体积,有效地防止外界SO_4~(2-)离子的渗入,从而提高水泥的耐硫酸盐腐蚀性能。     

Ce0．5 Zr0．5 O2纳米多孔纤维的制备及其氧储存能力分析

利用干纺丝工艺,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合化学模板法制备了Ce0．5 Zr0．5 O2纳米多孔纤维,并在此基础上采用传统抄纸法制备了Ce0．5 Zr0．5 O2纤维纸。通过引入SiO2、TiO2和Al2 O3作为支撑体,利用XRD、低温N2吸附、拉曼光谱等手段分析了Ce0．5 Zr0．5 O2纳米多孔结构性能的变化。在空气条件下通过循环热失重分析法测定了材料在300～800℃温度范围内的氧储存能力,Ce0．5 Zr0．5 O2纳米多孔纤维的氧储存能力受到包括材料的比表面积、结晶程度以及支撑体性质等多方面因素的影响。     

浅谈电影艺术中的后现代主义

本文主要通过电影这一艺术载体,对“后现代主义”予以阐释,并对其相关特征做了一些分析,力图引导读者(观者)了解和认可后现代主义电影。     

有机衬底上射频磁控溅射制备ITO薄膜的研究

Introduction Indium tin oxide (ITO) film has been widely used as a transparent conductor due to its high transparency to visible light and its low electrical resistivity. ITO film can be prepared by many techniques, including thermal evaporation deposition, magnetron sputtering, electron beam evaporation, spray pyrolysis,chemical vapour deposition,dip-coating techniques,and later developed pulsed laser deposition method.     

陶瓷/金属梯度层的热应力分析及缓和特性设计

分别以陶瓷／金属复合平板和圆筒为研究对象,导出了功能梯度材料组份连接变化下的温度及热应力分布,并将ＺｒＯ２／ＮｉＣｒＡｌ复合板热应力分布的解析解与有限元结果进行了比较,对复合圆筒进行了组份分布的热应力缓和特性设计,分析结果表明,用连续模型计算,可进一步减缓功能梯度材料层间的应力突变和残余应力,便于结构的优化设计。     

Hybrid process of fabricating high-quality micro wine-glass fused silica resonators

A new hybrid method, which combines improved glass-blown technology with wet etching, is reported to fabricate micro wine-glass resonators with high-quality fused silica. The optimum placement is compared to achieve the resonators with good shell shape. The typical shell diameter is about 4mm and its thickness covers from dozens to hundreds of micrometers. The etching rates in corrosion solutions with different ratios and at different thicknesses of hemispherical shells are studied. We also conclude how to precisely control the thickness. The corrosion solutions with different ratios of HF solution to NH₄F solution make the spherical shells rougher in different degrees. The best roughness is 0.581 nm in the 1: 8 ratio corrosion solution while the original roughness is 0.537 nm. This fact shows that the resonator remains atomically smooth surface. Based on the glassblowing spherical fused silica structure, the thickness of the resonator is effectively controlled by buffered oxide etch (BOE) technology according to the measured etching rate. The measured resonant frequency of the hemispherical shell at ambient pressure and room temperature is 1.75 kHz of rocking mode which is close to the simulated frequency. Using such a low-cost hybrid approach, we can fabricate high-quality microscale resonators in batch.     

硅粉在混凝土施工中的应用

本文主要介绍硅粉的一些特殊性能,阐述其在混凝土中的工作原理、配合比设计以及对混凝土结构各项性能指标的大幅度提高,同时结合相应的工程实践论述硅粉混凝土的应用历史及现实意义.     

Performance research of a micro-CCHP system with adsorption chiller

This paper describes a new micro-combined cooling,heating and power(CCHP) system,which is especially suitable for domestic and light commercial applications. It mainly consists of a natural gas-fired internal combustion engine,a silica gel-water adsorption chiller and other heat recovery units. In order to study the energy effciency and economic feasibility,an experimental investigation has been carried out. The experimental system has a rated electricity power of 12 kW,a rated cooling capacity of 9 kW and a rated heating capacity of 28 kW. Evaluation and analysis of the system are discussed in detail. The testing results show that the energy effciency of the overall system depends on different modes. The overall thermal and electrical effciency is over 70%. Higher heat load supplied causes higher effciency of the system. Economic evaluation shows that the micro-CCHP system enjoys a small capital cost and short payback period,which is easily accepted by customers. At current natural gas price of 1.9 RMB/m3(nominal condition) and electric price of 0.754 RMB/(kW·h) ,the total capital cost is only 90 000 RMB with a payback period of 3.21 years.     

Preparation of Polysulfonamide/ZnO Nanocomposite by In-Situ Polymerization

Polysulfonamide/zinc oxide(PSA/ZnO) nanocomposite films with w(ZnO)=0.5% were prepared by in-situ polymerization based on 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone and terephthaloyl chloride in the common solvent N,N-Dimethylacetamide(DMAc). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to observe the microstructure of the composite film. The thermal property was investigated by TGA and mechanical property was characterized by DXLL-1000 electromechanical material testing machine. The results showed that the breaking strength of the film containing 0.5% ZnO was great enhanced. The average size of ZnO particles was below 100 nm. The introduction of ZnO as nano filler in PSA react as UV shield effect and make the composite mechanical property improved.     

导热系数对寒区隧道温度场时空分布的影响

寒区隧道温度场对其抗防冻设计至关重要，围岩和支护结构的导热系数对温度场时空分布具有显著影响. 以寒区公路运营隧道为计算模型，采用理论推导、现场实测、数值仿真等方法对寒区隧道温度场的时空分布受导热系数的影响规律进行了研究. 研究结果表明:在任意时间点，变温圈内各点的温度均随支护结构导热系数的增大而降低，且支护导热系数越大，同位置处的温度降低速率越小；在任意时间点，支护温度随围岩导热系数的增大而升高，围岩温度随其导热系数的变化呈现分区性；可将围岩变温圈分为Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区:Ⅰ区内的各点温度随围岩导热系数的增大而升高；Ⅱ区内的各点温度随围岩导热系数的增大而降低；时间越长，Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区分界线的斜率和截距越大. 研究成果可为寒区隧道的抗防冻设计及选线提供借鉴和参考.      

采用实测数据实时修正的机场跑道水膜厚度面域分布预估方法

为精准预估不同跑道状况与降雨条件下跑道水膜厚度的面域分布,基于二维浅水方程建立了水膜厚度面域分布数值模型,开发了基于格心型有限体积法和HLL(Harten, Lax and van Leer)格式近似Riemann解的数值求解算法;在此基础上,引入水膜厚度的实测数据,通过构造伴随方程,采用梯度下降法获取了实际降雨条件下的最优曼宁系数,从而动态修正了二维浅水方程的计算结果,精准预估了跑道水膜厚度面域分布;采用北京首都国际机场安全预警平台的水膜厚度实测数据和车载式LiDAR系统获取的路面高程数据,计算分析了曼宁系数更新间隔和高程空间采样间隔对模型求解效率和精度的影响,并采用实测数据验证了算法的准确性。研究结果表明：为满足水膜厚度实时监测需求,在综合考虑计算耗时与求解精度的条件下,曼宁系数的最优更新间隔为30～300 s,对于表面平整的道面,高程的最优空间采样间隔为0.1～0.5 m,对于存在车辙等病害的道面,高程的最优空间采样间隔为0.10～0.25 m;在真实降雨条件下,水膜厚度计算值与实测值的平均误差为0.13 mm,最大误差为0.76 mm,满足机场对水膜厚度的监测需求。由此可见,建...     

脉冲激光沉积 ZnO 薄膜的微结构及发光性能

用波长为1064nm的Nd—YAG激光器，在氧的活性气氛中，通过激光烧蚀Zn靶在Si（111）衬底上获得ZnO薄膜．用电子显微镜（XRD和FESEM）表征ZnO薄膜的结构和表面形貌，用光致发光谱表征光学性质．实验中观察到紫外光发射和深能级的黄绿光发射．紫外光发射是ZnO薄膜的固有性质，深能级光发射是由于存在氧反位缺陷（OZn）．紫外光发射和深能级光发射的强度依赖于薄膜的表面粗糙度．表面粗糙度在nm级范围内的ZnO薄膜可以获得高强度的紫外光．     

氟化类金刚石薄膜的沉积及性能研究现状

类金刚石薄膜是 80年代初出现的新型非金属薄膜材料之一 ,其优异的综合性能引起了人们极大的兴趣。本文对类金刚石薄膜的近期进展进行了概括性介绍 ,重点介绍在此基础上发展起来的氟化类金刚石薄膜材料 (FDLC) ,包括氟元素对类金刚石薄膜 (DLC)在结构、性能及在沉积工艺上所带来的的影响等。     

Effect of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the electrochemical properties of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water

The influence of temperature, chloride ions and sulfide ions on the anticorrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization curves. The results show that the film resistance increases with the solution temperature but decreases after 8 days＇ immersion, which indicates that the film formed at higher temperature has inferior anticorrosion behavior; Chloride ions and sulfide ions have remarkable effects on the electrochemical property of 316L stainless steel in simulated cooling water and the pitting potential declines with the concentration of chloride ions; the passivation current has no obvious effect; the rise of the concentration of sulfide ions obviously increases the passivation current, but the pitting potential changes little, which indicates that the two types of ions may have different effects on destructing passive film of stainless steel. The critical concentration of chloride ions causing anodic potential curve＇s change in simulated cooling water is 250 mg/L for 316 L stainless. The effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion resistance behavior of stainless steel is increasing the passivation current density Ip. The addition of 6 mg/L sulfide ions to the solution makes Ip of 316 L increase by 0.5 times.     

基于有限元-神经网络-Monte-Carlo的结构可靠度计算方法

针对以往结构可靠度计算方法的不足,根据结构可靠度理论,引入神经网络理论和Monte-Carlo理论,结合结构有限元分析方法,提出基于有限元-神经网络-Monte-Carlo的结构可靠度计算方法;首先,建立结构有限元法分析模型,进行结构分析得到相应的结构响应量;然后,用得到的作用效应和结构响应量作为神经网络的训练样本和检验样本对神经网络进行训练,得到高度非线性映射关系的结构作用效应-结构响应模型;利用神经网络随机产生足够多的结构响应值;最后,用Monte-Carlo法计算结构的可靠度。该方法充分发挥了各方法的优点,相互弥补了不足,大大提高了计算效率,为结构可靠度计算提供了新的思路。     

基于有限元-神经网络-Monte-Carlo的结构可靠度计算方法

针对以往结构可靠度计算方法的不足,根据结构可靠度理论,引入神经网络理论和Monte-Carlo理论,结合结构有限元分析方法,提出基于有限元-神经网络-Monte-Carlo的结构可靠度计算方法;首先,建立结构有限元法分析模型,进行结构分析得到相应的结构响应量;然后,用得到的作用效应和结构响应量作为神经网络的训练样本和检验样本对神经网络进行训练,得到高度非线性映射关系的结构作用效应-结构响应模型;利用神经网络随机产生足够多的结构响应值;最后,用Monte-Carlo法计算结构的可靠度。该方法充分发挥了各方法的优点,相互弥补了不足,大大提高了计算效率,为结构可靠度计算提供了新的思路。