Research of Springing and Whipping Influence on Ultra-Large Containerships’ Fatigue Analysis

Rules of Classification Societies all around the world have made changes on design wave loads’ value and fatigue influence factor modification due to the influence of springing and whipping on ultra-large containerships. The paper firstly introduced 3-D linear hydroelastic theory in frequency domain and 3-D nonlinear hydroelastic theory in time domain, considering large amplitude motion nonlinearity and slamming force due to the severe relative motion between ship hull and wave. Then the spectrum analysis method and time domain statistical analysis method were introduced, which can make fatigue analysis under a series of standard steps in frequency and time domain, respectively. Finally, discussions on the influence factor of springing and whipping on fatigue damages of 8500TEU and 10000TEU containerships with different loading states were made. The fatigue assessment of different position on the midship section was done on the basis of nominal stress. The fatigue damage due to whipping can be the same as the fatigue damage due to springing and even sometimes can be larger than the springing damage. Besides, some suggestions on calculating load case selection were made to minimize the quantity of work in frequency and time domain. Thus, tools for fatigue influence factor modification were provided to meet the demand of IACS-UR.     

光脉冲信号在海水中传输的多径效应研究

采用修正Henyey-Greenstein函数表示海水的散射相位函数,利用半解析Monte Carlo方法计算了光脉冲信号在海水中传输的多径时间扩展效应.由于采用光学厚度的传统归一化方法不能较好地反映不同海水介质散射函数状况,本文提出了一种新的归一化数据分析方法,利用介质的有效散射厚度代替光学厚度.仿真结果表明在不同海水深度、不同海水条件下的光束多径效应具有同样的形式.海水参数会影响多径时间扩展分布的高度和宽度.多径扩展时间达到数百ns.此外,在不同散射特性海水条件下,如果海水有效散射厚度相同,则多径时间扩展分布基本相同.     

Simplified model for evaluation of VIV-induced fatigue damage of deepwater marine risers

A simplified empirical model for fatigue analysis of deepwater marine risers due to vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in non-uniform current is presented. A simplified modal vibration equation is employed according to the characteristics of deepwater top tensioned risers. The response amplitude of each mode is determined by a balance between the energy feeding into the riser over the lock-in regions and the energy dissipated by the fluid damping over the remainder based on the data from self-excited oscillation and forced oscillation experiments of rigid cylinders. Multi-modal VIV fatigue loading is obtained by the square root of the sum of squares approach.Compared with previous works, this model can take fully account of the main intrinsic natures of VIV for low mass ratio structures on lock-in regions, added mass and nonlinear fluid damping. In addition, a closed form solution of fatigue damage is presented for the case of a riser with uniform mass and cross-section oscillating in a uniform flow. Fatigue analysis of a typical deepwater riser operating in Gulf of Mexico and West Africa shows that the current velocity profiles affect the riser's fatigue life significantly and the most dangerous locations of the riser are also pointed out.     

铁路C62A货车滚动轴承载荷谱

本文介绍了Ｃ６２Ａ货车无轴箱滚动轴承动载荷间接测试和计算机方法，对轴承动载荷数据进行了时域、频域和平稳性分析。并用雨流法编制了轴承载荷谱。     

Fatigue sensitivity analysis of steel catenary riser near touchdown point

By transforming the platform response obtained from coupled hydrodynamic analysis to the top motions of steel catenary riser (SCR), the nonlinear dynamic analysis of the SCR is carried out in Abaqus/Aqua. In this analysis, the SCR-seabed interaction is well taken into account by introducing the seabed trench model and hysteretic seabed model. The fatigue damage of the SCR near touchdown point (TDP) is calculated using rain-flow counting methodology, and the sensitivity of the fatigue damage to the seabed and wave parameters are investigated. The results indicate that as seabed stiffness increases, the fatigue life and its sensitivity to seabed stiffness decrease. Seabed trenching may benefit the fatigue life of the SCR and the trench position should be elaborated for realistic fatigue damage prediction. Due to the induced platform response, significant wave height and spectral peak period have significant effects on the fatigue damage, thus the short-term sea state bins should be carefully selected from the wave scatter diagram.     

Research on Morlet Wavelet Based Lamb Wave Spatial Sampling Signal Optimization Method

In recent years, Lamb wave and piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) array based wavenumber filtering technique for damage estimation has been gradually studied. Compared with the time domain and frequency domain analysis of the Lamb wave signals, the wavenumber domain analysis is an effective approach to distinguish wave propagating direction and wave modes. However, the spatial resolution sampled by the PZTs is lower than that sampled by scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. As for the diameter of the PZT, it cannot be very small. In this paper, a new Lamb wave spatial sampling signal optimization method based on Morlet wavelet is proposed. Firstly, the frequency band parameter of the Morlet mother wavelet function is calculated by the Lamb wave excitation signal. Then, the sum of squared errors between the Lamb wave spatial sampling signal and the Morlet wavelet function fitting waveform at each scale factor and time factor is calculated. Finally, the scale factor and time factor corresponding to the least sum of squared errors can be judged to be the best match scale factor and time factor respectively, and the Morlet wavelet function fitting waveform in that scale factor and time factor can be seen as the optimized Lamb wave spatial sampling signal. The validation experiment performed on a glass fiber epoxy composite plate shows that the proposed method can improve the spatial resolution and length of the Lamb wave spatial sampling signal, and the sum of squared errors of this method is no more than 0.2.     

滑行艇波浪中砰击压力极值研究

滑行艇在波浪中高速滑行时,会引起局部较大的砰击载荷和非常复杂的表面压力分布。为了在保证安全的前提下将装载能力和动力最大化,艇体初步设计时必须合理的估算使用海域可能出现的局部极限载荷大小,来调整艇体抗压能力,获取最优化设计。通过在规则和不规则波浪中的模型试验,测得艇体局部受到的砰击压力极值及特性。并引用简单有效的方法计算该值,与试验测量值吻合较好,证明该方法有一定的工程应用性。     

Asymptotic calculation of wave period statistics in non-Gaussian mixed sea

This article concerns the calculation of the wave period probability densities in non-Gaussian mixed sea states.The calculations are carried out by incorporating a second order nonlinear wave model into an asymptotic analysis method which is a novel approach to the calculation of wave period probability densities.Since all of the calculations are performed in the probability domain,the approach avoids long time-domain simulations.The accuracy and efficiency of the asymptotic analysis method for calculating the wave period probability densities are validated by comparing the results predicted using the method with those predicted by using the Monte-Carlo simulation(MCS) method.     

基于机器视觉的铁路货运木材检尺系统开发

利用三角测量原理,采用图像处理技术,解决了基于机器视觉木材检尺技术的难点问题.实验结果表明：开发的检尺系统可直接确定目标面到相机镜头间的距离,并且能够与机器视觉检尺无缝融合,与其他测距传感器相比,该系统成本低,不仅适合单根等小批量的木材检尺要求,而且适合大批量的铁路货运木材的检尺工作.     

Adaptive robust sliding mode control for ship straight-line tracking in random waves

Since complex controllers do not suit for application,we design a simple controller with robustness in changeable sea state.The characteristics of ship motion are large inertia,strong nonlinearity and large time delay.This paper employs adaptive sliding mode technique.We focus on a class of underactuated ship systems with parametric uncertainties and wave efects.Random wave efects are seldom considered in former studies.Various simulations validate the adaptive characteristics and robustness of the proposed controller.The closed-loop system is stable and tracking error can be arbitrarily small by Lyapunov approach.     

Cyclostationary property based spectrum sensing algorithms for primary detection in cognitive radio systems

To implement the primary signal without interference in cognitive radio systems, cognitive radios can detect the presence of the primary user in low SNR. Currently, energy detector is the most common way of spectrum sensing because of its low computational complexity. However, performance of the method will be possibly degraded due to the uncertainty noise. This paper illustrates the benefits of one-order and two-order cyclostationary properties of primary user’s signals in time domain. These feature detection techniques in time domain possess the advantages of simple structure and low computational complexity comparing with spectral feature detection methods. Furthermore, performance of the one-order and two-order feature detection is studied and the analytical results are given. Our analysis and numerical results show that the sensing performance of the one-order feature detection is improved significantly comparing with conventional energy detector since it is robust to noise. Meanwhile, numerical results show that the two-order feature detection technique is better than the one-order feature detection. However, this benefit comes at the cost of hardware burdens and power consumption due to the additional multiplying algorithm.     

考虑二阶效应梁柱瞬态分析的传递矩阵法

压弯构件承受较大轴力时,其表现出的明显的二阶效应直接影响结构刚度及动力特性,为计算计及二阶效应的梁柱结构的瞬态响应,提出了一种传递矩阵方法.该方法采用Newmark-β法,对考虑二阶效应的Euler-Bernoulli梁的动力偏微分方程进行时域离散,将其变换为常微分方程,并利用常数变易法对微分方程进行求解,得到位移增量在连续空间内的解析解.结合传递矩阵法的基本原理,推导了离散时间瞬态分析的增量传递矩阵格式,给出了计及二阶效应的梁柱结构瞬态响应的计算方法.算例计算结果表明,在计算精度相同的情况下,所提出的方法的计算效率是ANSYS的3.57倍,并可方便地对移动荷载作用下结构的动力响应进行求解.      

潜体非定常兴波问题的数值求解

开发了一种求解非定常兴波问题的基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)的三维面元法，应用该方法对潜体加速航行的情况进行了数值计算研究．基于势流理论，建立了线性边值问题．在物面上分布时域Kelvin源，物面和物面上的源强分布都用NURBS来表示．用时间步进的方法求解这一边值问题．对潜体中低速航行的情况进行了计算，给出了即时的波阻和波型。     

Equivalent stiffness of the saturated poro-elastic half space interacting with an infinite beam to harmonic moving loads

The expression of the equivalent stiffness of the saturated poro-elastic half space interacting with an infinite beam to harmonic moving loads is obtained via the Fourier transformation method in the frequency wave number domain. Based on the obtained equivalent stiffness, the frequency wave number domain solution of the beam-half-space system is obtained by the compatibility condition between the beam and the half space.Critical velocity of harmonic moving loads along an infinite Euler-Bernoulli elastic beam is determined. The time domain solutions for the beam and the saturated poro-elastic half space are derived by means of the inverse Fourier transformation method. Also, the influences of the load speed, frequency and material parameters of the poro-elastic half space on the responses of the beam are investigated. Numerical results show that the frequency corresponding to the maximum deflection and bending moment increases with increasing load speed. Moreover,it can be seen that at higher frequencies, the dynamic response is independent of the load speed. The present results also show that for a beam overlying a saturated poro-elastic half space, there still exist critical velocities even when the load velocity is larger than the shear wave speed of the medium.     

Welded joint fatigue reliability analysis on bogie frame of high-speed electric multiple unit

A new method for welded joint fatigue reliability analysis on bogie frame of high-speed electric multiple unit (EMU) is proposed according to the International Union of Railways (UIC) standard, the Britain Standard Institute (BSI) standard and the Miner rule. Firstly, the fatigue calculation condition is loaded according to the UIC standard. The welded joint damage ratio is calculated by the BSI standard. Fatigue reliability analysis is conducted for a typical welded joint based on probabilistic design system (PDS) module in software ANSYS 14.0. In the system, the automatic program is prepared by ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) to calculate the welded joint fatigue damage ratio. Meantime, the relationship between the input variables and the output response is fitted by the response surface (RS) method. Then, the RS method is improved by the orthogonal design. Specifically, the selecting process optimization for the RS method based on the orthogonal design is conducted to improve the fitting efficiency of the RS method. Finally, a program of the automatic analysis documents is generated by Microsoft foundation class (MFC) technique. Through the self-defined interface, the researchers can easily import the automatic generation of the orthogonal table into the PDS module and analyze the fatigue reliability. Results show that the improved RS method can better fit the RS which covers the sample area, and the distribution law agrees well with the actual situation. At the same time, the improved RS method reduces the calculation time.     

Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima-Based Robust Digital Image Watermarking in Wavelet Domain

A new robust watermarking approach was proposed in 2D continuous wavelet domain (CWT).The watermark is embedded into the large coefficients in the middle band of wavelet transform modulus maxima (WTMM) of the host image.After possible attacks,the watermark is then detected and extracted by correlation analysis.Compared with other wavelet domain watermarking approaches,the WTMM approach can endow the image with both rotation and shift invariant properties.On the other hand,scale invariance is achieved with the geometric normalization during watermark detection.Case studies involve various attacks such as shifting,lossy compression,scaling,rotation and median filtering on the watermarked image,and the result shows that the approach is robust to these attacks.     

路面随机激励时域模型特性的仿真研究

在分析白噪声法、谐波叠加法、FFT法和离散时序法4种常用路面不平度随机激励单点时域模型构建的基础上,对指定环境下4种模型的速度以及结果的波动性、统计学特性和合理性进行了仿真,比较和剖析了产生不同仿真效率和结果的本质所在.并对单点时域模型进行了拓展,分别构建了车辆的单轮辙多点、双轮辙多点时域模型.     

桥梁缆索钢丝疲劳性能影响因素试验

为研究桥梁缆索钢丝的疲劳与腐蚀疲劳性能，采用不同强度等级新钢丝、服役7年的斜拉桥拉索钢丝和人工加速腐蚀钢丝开展了缆索钢丝疲劳与腐蚀疲劳试验；根据典型疲劳断口宏观形貌特征，探究了缆索钢丝的疲劳断裂机制；采用威布尔分布函数拟合了缆索钢丝的应力-疲劳寿命曲线，对比了不同钢丝应力-疲劳寿命曲线的差异，揭示了强度等级、应力比、腐蚀损伤和腐蚀疲劳损伤4个关键因素对缆索钢丝抗疲劳性能的影响规律，并建议了相应的疲劳强度曲线。试验结果表明：钢丝未发生腐蚀时抗疲劳性能良好，随着强度等级的提高，缆索钢丝的疲劳强度显著增大，对应的疲劳极限也逐渐上升；缆索钢丝的疲劳强度随应力比的增大而显著减小；腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳损伤均会大幅降低缆索钢丝的疲劳强度，腐蚀疲劳损伤对缆索钢丝剩余疲劳寿命的影响大于单一腐蚀损伤；新钢丝的疲劳裂纹起源于表面划痕或材料不均匀处，对于带腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳损伤的钢丝，蚀坑处存在显著的应力集中，疲劳裂纹源形成于钢丝表面蚀坑处，多源裂纹萌生与裂纹不规则扩展的几率增大；桥梁缆索抗疲劳设计与安全评估时应综合考虑钢丝强度等级、应力比、腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳损伤的影响，试验采用国内桥梁缆索广泛使用的钢丝，得到的疲劳强度可...     

基于时变边界屋面积雪分布数值模拟

为了预测风作用下屋面积雪的分布,采用Euler-Euler两相流混合模型,结合最新改进的k-ω模型等数值方法开发分析程序,对风致屋面积雪分布进行了数值模拟.模拟中为考虑积雪对屋面绕流的影响,计算区域边界根据雪深变化采用时变边界.对一典型阶梯形屋面积雪分布进行数值模拟,获得了几种不同状态下屋面积雪分布的时间历程.模拟结果表明:随着时间的发展,屋面积雪分布对屋面绕流产生较大影响,屋面积雪沉积率随之发生变化;模拟时长22 h的计算结果与实测结果基本一致,不考虑积雪对屋面绕流的影响将产生较大误差;不同风速比下模拟的屋面雪深分布形态基本一致,但入流风速比越小,雪深分布系数相对越大,达到近似分布的模拟时间就越短.      

基于风洞试验实现高耸结构抖振时域分析的两种方法

随着高耸结构的日益高大和轻柔化,由紊流风引起的结构抖振响应问题显得格外重要.通过静力三分力试验及气动弹性模型试验两种不同的途径分别实现高耸结构时域内的抖振分析,并以算例分析证明两种方法的可靠性,明确不同途径工作的难点所在,有利于设计者更好地选用合适的分析途径.