海洋工程平台应急关断系统安全完整性分析

为了保证海洋工程平台的运行安全,需要全面评估安全相关设备的失效风险,并设置应急关断系统。基于一套我所生产并已交付的海洋工程平台应急关断系统,首先介绍了系统功能安全相关标准和可靠性指标的计算方法。然后选取该平台的某一个典型安全回路,分析其安全完整性等级,最后验证其等级符合设计要求。     

修正风险图表法在确定安全完整性等级上的应用

安全完整性等级(SIL)是一个重要的安全可靠性参数,用以表征安全相关系统针对某特定功能要求使风险降低所能达到的程度。文章介绍了海洋石油工程中SIL常用的修正风险图表分析方法,并结合实例讨论了用其来确定安全仪表系统完整性等级的方法。     

浅谈安全仪表系统的设计

安全仪表系统(简称SIS)是中控系统的重要组成部分,它为海洋石油平台的正常生产、人员安全以及环境保护等方面提供了可靠的保障.文章介绍了安全仪表的设计流程、安全完整性等级和设计中应该注意的问题,并叙述了冗余原理在安全控制系统中的应用.     

现代轮机管理中人因工程理论的应用

主要论述了现代轮机管理中应用人因工程理论的重要意义，基于人因工程理论的轮机安全管理不但将机器和环境的作用考虑到管理中去，还考虑了人的主观因素对轮机控制的影响，并突出轮机安全管理中人的主导地位，对现代轮机管理的概念进行了拓展。还论述了人因工程理论中的定量和定性研究方法，较详细地介绍了经典的定性分析方法及现代模糊理论在人因工程理论研究中的应用。并将这两种研究方法加以分析比较，得出运用现代模糊理论进行定量研究的方法更加严密，更加有利于人因工程理论的发展。     

油气处理模块安全仪表系统SIL验证

为了提升第7代超深水钻井船(带试采/储油及处理能力)安全应用价值,针对油气处理模块开展安全仪表系统的安全完整性等级验证评估分析,计算单个执行安全仪表功能回路的要求时平均失效概率和安全失效分数,分别从定量和半定量角度验证执行仪表安全功能的系统,其安全完整性是否达到该仪表安全功能的等级要求。     

海上安全应急系统的安全评估研究

首先分析安全评估体系的内容、特点和流程,然后按照设计的流程进行船舶海上安全评估,在评估过程中通过模糊综合评价模型和灰色综合评价模型将定性的问题定量进行分析,最后通过近海和远海航行的隶属度向量进行评估结果的比较。从评估结果来看,对船舶应急系统等级采用不同的处理方式,从而保证船舶的安全行使。     

船载危险品集装箱风险评价

提出基于环境风险评价理论的危险品集装箱风险评价，对危险品集装箱风险的各个源项进行定性分析，介绍危险品集装箱风险评价与检查电子系统，为实现对危险品集装箱的安全管理提供理论支持。     

舰船总体结构的可靠性分析

本文首先介绍了三个水平等级可靠性分析方法的概况，随后详述了船体波浪诱导弯矩极值和甲板屈曲极限变矩统计参数的计算过程。最后根据第二水平法以现役五型舰船为计算对象，在分析综合的基础上推荐舰船设计的目标安全指数。     

一种基于功能安全的起重机械安全防护系统设计方法

起重机械安全防护系统功能安全的保障一般只在安全规程中予以描述,在设计规则中一般少有规定;提出了一种基于功能安全的起重机械安全防护系统的设计方法,根据起重机的不同的工作级别确认安全防护系统的目标安全完整性等级(SIL),对安全防护系统进行FMEA和FTA分析,计算得到安全防护系统的失效概率并划分其SIL等级,通过将计算SIL与目标SIL进行比较分析,实现对安全防护系统的优化设计,并以某型号起重机起升制动系统为例,对所提方法进行应用说明。     

浅析低等级公路的安全设计

安全设计是低等级公路的薄弱环节。应该给予足够的重视。分析了低等级公路事故频发的原因，从设计角度在平纵面设计、路基路面设计以及交通工程设计等方面提出一些安全设计措施，以期在不增加工程造价或仅增加很小代价的基础上，显著提高公路安全效应。     

综合安全评估方法在船舶安全领域应用中的问题与对策

介绍了FSA方法的基本概念及在船舶安全领域中的应用,对应用中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出相应对策。     

A trial application of FSA methodology to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers

Formal safety assessment (FSA) is a formal, structured and systematic methodology, aimed at enhancing maritime safety, including protection of life, property and marine environment, by using risk and cost–benefit assessments. For the application of this methodology to the rule-making process, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) presented the Interim Guidelines, which describe procedures of FSA and inputs/outputs of each procedure in detail. This paper basically deals with an application of FSA methodology according to the IMO's Interim Guidelines to the hatchway watertight integrity of bulk carriers, which was carried out as a cooperative research between Korean Register of Shipping and Seoul National University. As results of this application study, 18 hazards are identified and 32 risk control measures are devised to reduce the associated risks. Potential risks, costs and benefits when some Risk Control Options are introduced are evaluated in monetary unit of US $. Finally, some discussions and recommendations based on experiences are also given for both future work and better application of this FSA methodology to the rule-making process.     

Real time prediction of operational safety limits for dynamic positioning of an FPSO in a Deepwater Artificial Seabed system

Aiming to overcome the limitations of conventional offshore field development concepts (dry tree or subsea tree) for petroleum production in ultra-deep water, a new alternative offshore field development solution, termed as Deepwater Artificial Seabed (DAS) system, is proposed. The DAS system works in concert with dynamic positioning (DP) floaters, such as dynamically positioned Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels. Rather than relying on the passive mooring system, the DP maintains the reliable position of the FPSO with steering and propulsion units. Nonetheless, critical DP failures, which has potential to cause the drift-off scenario for the FPSO, poses a serious threat to the structural safety of the DAS system. Therefore, it is crucial to establish operational limits for the DP FPSO to prevent such accidents. In this study, a 3-phase probabilistic modelling methodology is proposed to predict safety limits for the operation of the DP FPSO. A surrogate model is established by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm so as to decrease the computational cost due to the generation of large statistical samples. The statistical distribution of the operational safety limits of FPSO is simulated by the successive approximations through the fully-coupled drift-off analysis. The accuracy of the proposed methodology is verified by a series of mathematical tests. In order to validate the effectiveness of the methodology, the safety limit prediction of the FPSO for the DAS system is taken as a case study. The critical positions of the FPSO are predicted in real time and provides ample time and information for operators’ decision-making by the visualization of the safe moving range of the FPSO. The study contributes to the safety control of DP operations on floating production units in an efficient manner.     

船舶交通动力系统安全突变研究

为揭示系统本质,建立船舶交通风险预控机制,基于突变理论对船舶交通系统的安全突变进行研究。首先定性分析了船舶交通系统的特性,并针对动态性与突变性特征,提出船舶交通系统的突变动力学研究方法,进而建立船舶交通动力系统安全突变模型,最后对系统的安全突变进行了定量的分析研究。     

Methods for probabilistic safety assessments of ships

 At the 62nd MSC conference (MSC62) in 1993, the UK proposed a new methodology for the consideration of safety regulations. This method is called formal safety assessment (FSA). FSA is an application of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA). Risk is used as an index of safety. One of the most important parts of FSA is to evaluate the risk to a ship when it is equipped with the safety measures recommended by the proposed safety regulations. The National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI, formerly the Ship Research Institute) has been developing a method which allows the risk to be obtained holistically by utilizing a scientific method. To obtain the risk, the probability and consequences of every accident must be evaluated. This paper examines the following points: (a) a holistic methodology for risk evaluation; (b) a method used in the process of estimating the probability of collision; (c) a method to reduce the numbers of fire escalation scenarios; (d) a trial risk evaluation of cabin fire. Received: January 10, 2002 / Accepted: April 18, 2002     

全电动水下控制系统及其对水下歧管阀的影响（英文）

Subsea development is moving constantly toward simplification, digitalization, and cost-out strategies because the exploration and production of hydrocarbons are moving toward deeper and remote sea water areas. Usage of all-electric subsea technology instead of hydraulic technology is growing and will be the future of subsea systems due to the former's environmental and functional advantages and reduced costs. The benefits of all-electric subsea systems are health, safety, and environment(HSE)and improved reliability, flexibility, and functionality compared with traditional hydraulic-electrical systems. Existing electrohydraulic technology for a typical subsea system, hydraulic and electric actuators, and subsea manifold valves including valve types and selection philosophy have been reviewed in this paper. Some major worldwide oil companies such as Equinor and Schlumberger have successful experiences with subsea electric actuators. Considering the benefits of all-electric technology especially in terms of cost and HSE, as well as successful experiences of two major oil companies, further research in this area is warranted. One of the gaps in existing reviewed literature is the effect of using all-electric actuators for manifold valves. Thus,three main questions related to electric actuator selection, requirement of safety integrity level(SIL), and effect of using electric actuators on manifold valve selection have been addressed and answered. Forty hydraulic actuated manifold valves from nine past subsea projects in different parts of the world, mainly Africa and Australia, have been selected for the analysis of all-electric actuators. Results show that 93% of the valves require spring-return electric actuators, whereas 7% can be operated with conventional electric actuators without any spring. The manifold valves do not require SIL certification because they are not connected to an emergency shut down system. Introducing the electric actuators to the manifold valve will not change the valve selection philosophy.     

安全指数法在成山头水域安全评价中的应用

介绍了安全指数法的原理,采用船舶运行安全指数法而建立的船舶交通安全指数法数学模型,以及运用该模型对成山头水域的船舶交通安全进行评价的具体步骤。指出“安全指数法”为成山头水域进一步加强交通管理提供了可靠了依据。     

Insights into the port training of the new European Union member states 1

The establishment and implementation of a training programme requires a training needs assessment (TNA). Without this approach, more often than not, training programmes have failed to succeed and to make such an assessment the instructional designer, i.e. the person in charge for this work, needs to follow a methodology. Unlike the other industries, the port industry has neglected the use of these methodologies, which is shown by the lack of research work published in academic journals. With a view to fill the existing gap, the paper proposes a five-step TNA methodology to be used in the port industry and applies its first three steps to investigate the port training situation in the new European Union member states. To achieve this objective, the paper is structured in the following way: puts the research work into context; addresses the role of ports; presents a port TNA methodology; explains research methodology; addresses port training issues in the new European-member states; and presents conclusions and further comments.     

Evaluating the knowledge of experts in the maritime regulatory field

Regulations are introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) into the maritime industry as the result of safety accidents and/or pollution incidents. When there is lack of historical data, then the IMO appoints experts in order to collect information regarding the costs and benefits generated to a stakeholder of the maritime industry once implementing a maritime regulation. Therefore, the role of experts in providing qualitative and quantitative information is crucial with respect to the quality of the maritime regulatory process within the IMO or other regulatory authorities. In this article, a methodology is proposed involving common criteria in determining the expertise of an individual in the maritime regulatory field. As essential part of the research methodology, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is utilized to determine the expertise of an individual based on his/her own judgements. The regulatory authorities and other stakeholders of the maritime industry may use this method when selecting experts for decision-making. In this article, a simulation is carried showing the potentials of the AHP methodology in expertise evaluation followed by a case study.     

船舶交通安全评价方法比较研究

对港口水上交通安全现状进行评估,采取针对性的安全措施是保障水上交通运输系统安全的前提,对国内外各种不同安全评价方法进行比较,着重地介绍规范化安全评估(FSA),以期能够更好地找出适合我国海运事业发展的方法,保障船舶的航行安全。