Present pilotage practices in Finland

Pilotage has been studied very little internationally and also in Finland. However, accidents in which pilots have been involved have been investigated thoroughly. Studies show that the traditional individual-centred pilotage with non-written passage plans no longer serves the needs of today's traffic and vessels that have increased in size. Pilotage should be based on the so-called good pilotage practices, i.e. pre-prepared, yet adaptable passage plans, more efficient bridge co-operation and modern navigation instruments. Yet, these are not an integral part of the prevailing pilotage practices in Finland. Pilotage should be developed so that the safety management systems of the vessels support the co-operation on the bridge, but on the other hand, so that the advantages of today's pilotage practices are maintained.     

Bridge officers’ non-technical skills: a literature review

The present review examines the research literature on Non-Technical Skills (NTS) used by ships’ bridge officers in connection with navigation. The aim of the study was to (i) identify the cognitive and interpersonal skills which have been the focus of previous studies and (ii) explore how the content of these skills has been described. Databases searched included Academic Search Premier, PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Nineteen studies were included in the review. Five NTS were identified: situation awareness (SA), decision-making (DM), workload management (WM), communication, and leadership. In addition to discussing each skill, the review raises four overarching issues with the present literature for the bridge domain: (1) Have all the relevant skills been subject to exploration? (2) Have the skills identified been explored in detail? (3) There seems to be an uneven distribution of research between cognitive and interpersonal skills. (4) There is little research into understanding the skills as a complete taxonomy. Knowledge on how the skills are linked and interplay with one another is incomplete. Overall, further research on all these aspects of NTS in the maritime domain could increase scientific understanding and contribute to bridge operational practice and to the further development and evaluation of NTS training such as Bridge Resource Management (BRM).     

E-Navigation环境下ECIS发展研究

文中介绍了电子海图显示和信息系统（ECDIS）和E-Navigation的基本概念,以及E-Navgaticrnr的发展对ECDIS的影响,论述了e-NavigafionS环境下ECDIs应具备的功能及其在船舶综合助航系统中的重要作用,并结合我国现状对促进ECDIS的发展提出了几点建议。     

电子海图单元索引结构的研究与应用

纸海图的索引在《航海图书总目录》中已经实现,为实现电子海图（ＥＮＣ）单元的索引,需建立一个索引结构,本文根据同种航海用途的电子海图单元之间的邻接关系建立网络图结构,根据不同种航海用途的电子海图单元之间包含与被包含关系建立多叉树结构,将这两种数据结构有机组合的索引结构结合散列查找法不但可实现电子海图单元的索引,也对ＥＣＤＩＳ功能的实时实现提供了有力支持     

引航员、船长与船舶港内航行安全

讨论了船长与引航员的法律责任、权利、职责和义务，船舶到港的引航准备以及船舶进出港口的引航，阐述了船长与引航员之问复杂的法律关系、引航员登离船事故的预防和发生引航员误操作时船长未能及时纠正的原因，指出了引航员在船引航过程中为确保船舶安全应采取的积极、有效、实用的措施。     

Simulators in bridge operations training and assessment: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis

This article presents a systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the use of simulators in maritime education and training (MET), with a focus on bridge operations during navigation training and assessment. The review found 34 articles published in a wide range of academic journals, displaying a global field of research consisting of three main disciplines: Maritime professionals (n = 15), Human factors (n = 13) and Education (n = 6). An important conclusion made after synthesising the results of the studies is that while the potential of using simulators in training and assessment are clear, little is known about which instructional practices would ensure valid and reliable results of simulator-based education. Since MET institutions train their students for one of the most safety-critical industries in the world, there is a need for empirical studies that explore the use of simulator-based training and assessment further to lay the foundation for an evidence-based educational practice.     

基于AIS的港口船舶引航系统的研究

根据我国沿海港口的特点及其船舶引航的需求,设计基于AIS的港口船舶引航系统。分析该系统的关键技术,并介绍了系统的结构及功能。经应用表明,系统将引航工作所需的各种信息在电子海图平台上直观综合显示,实现引航员显示终端轻便、无线携带,为引航员提供安全引航的技术保障。该系统特别适合引航工作和引航管理工作的需要,促进了引航调度管理和安全监督的信息化,有效地提高了引航工作的效率,保障船舶引航的安全。     

利用电子海图技术应用事故案例经验教训的建议

事故案例经验教训与气象、海况和航标异常等其他航行安全信息有着很大的相似性,及时获取上述信息有利于船舶航行作业安全。以电子海图为平台,将事故经验教训信息按发生位置标示在电子海图上可以直接提醒航经该水域的船员,警示船员掌握该水域险情事故特点,汲取相关海难事故经验教训。参照航行通警告管理模式管理事故经验教训信息便于事故经验教训信息在电子海图上更新维护。文中认为利用电子海图技术将为事故经验教训应用于保障船舶航行作业安全提供新的实现路径。     

引航员与船长间信息交流方式研究

引航员与船长之间在引航过程中的信息交流是至关重要的,它是达到安全引航的必要手段之一。以前,引航员上驾驶台后利用短暂的车、舵命令来了解船舶性能,与船长交流很少。事实上,他们之间各怀特长,引而不发,这给应急状态时的协同操作带来安全隐患。为使引航工作的安全更有保障,目前上海港引航管理站推出《船长/引航员信息交流卡》突出强调了信息交流在引航工作中的重要性。     

Determining the Scour Dimensions Around Submerged Vanes in a 180° Bend with the Gene Expression Programming Technique

Submerged vanes are installed on rivers and channel beds to protect the outer bank bends from scouring. Also, local scouring occurs around the submerged vanes over time, and identifying the effective factors on the scouring phenomena around these submerged vanes is one of the important issues in river engineering. The most important aim of this study is investigation of scour pattern around submerged vanes located in 180° bend experimentally and numerically. Firstly, the effects of various parameters such as the Froude number (Fr), angle of submerged vanes to the flow (α), angle of submerged vane location in the bend (θ), distance between submerged vanes (d), height (H), and length (L) of the vanes on the dimensionless volume of the scour hole were experimentally studied. The submerged vanes were installed on a 180° bend whose central radius and channel width were 2.8 and 0.6 m, respectively. By reducing the Froude number, the scour hole volume decreased. For all Froude numbers, the biggest scour hole formed at θ?=?15°. In all models, by increasing the Froude number, the scour hole volume significantly increases. In addition, by increasing the submerged vanes’ length and height, the scour hole dimensions also grow. Secondly, using gene expression programming (GEP), a relationship for determining the scour hole volume around the submerged vanes was provided. For this model, the determination coefficients (R²) for the training and test modes were computed as 0.91 and 0.9, respectively. In addition, this study performed partial derivative sensitivity analysis (PDSA). According to the results, the PDSA was calculated as positive for all input variables.     

基于电子海图的船舶绕避台风系统设计与实现

发挥电子海图显示平台优势,引入基于台风预报误差遭遇概率算法,设计了基于电子海图的船舶绕避台风系统,将台风基本数据信息和船舶航行基本信息,如船舶位置、航线以及台风的位置、行进路线等直观地显示在电子海图上,并运用台风预报误差遭遇概率算法,可快速、准确地制定出船舶绕避台风方案。利用此系统可有效、直观显示船舶和台风的相对动态关系,从而制定船舶绕避台风的航速和航线规划,保证船舶在恶劣的台风天气中的航行安全。     

中国——澳大利亚航线介绍

中国至澳大利亚航线是我国远洋船舶经常航行的航线,作者结合对澳大利亚各港航行的实践经验,参考有关航线设计资料,从中总结出4条主要航线及其航行注意事项。     

人为因素对驾驶操作安全的影响评估（英文）

In recent years,marine pilotage accidents occurring on a worldwide basis as a result of human error have not been ceased to transpire,despite advances in technology and a significant set of international conventions,regulations,and recommendations to reduce them.This paper aims to investigate the effect of human factors on the safety of maritime pilotage operations.The human factors that affect the operators who are performing ships' berthing operations have also been examined in detail.In this study,in order to determine the causes of human-related errors occurred in maritime pilotage accidents,a comprehensive literature review is carried out,and a considerable number of real past case examples and an analysis of the maritime accident investigation reports regarding pilotage operations events that occurred between 1995 and 2015 have been reviewed.To validate the identified humanrelated risk factors(HCFs) and explore other contributory factors,survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with domain experts have been conducted.A structural hierarchy diagram for the identified risk factors(HCFs) has been developed and validated through experienced experts belonging to the maritime sector.A questionnaire for pair-wise comparison is carried out and analysed using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) approach to evaluate the weight and rank the importance of the identified human causal factors.The findings of this study will benefit the maritime industry,by identifying a new database on causal factors that are contributing to the occurrence of maritime pilotage disasters.The database can be used as a stand-alone reference or help implement effective risk reduction strategies to reduce the human error,that might occur during pilotage operations.     

Spectral Wave Modeling in Very Shallow Water at Southern Coast of Caspian Sea

This study evaluates the capability of the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model (version 41.01) in predicting significant wave height and spectral peak energy content for swell waves in very shallow water of surf zone during depth-induced wave breaking and dissipation. The model results were compared with field measurements at five nearshore stations. The results demonstrated that some breaker index formulations were successful for significant wave height prediction in surf zones. However, an incorrect shape of the energy spectrum and overestimated near spectral peak energy content at shallow water stations were obtained using all of the embedded depth-induced wave breaking formulations in SWAN. The dependent breaker index on relative depth (K_pd) formulation, which was successful in predicting near spectral peak energy content, resulted in an average error of 30%. Finally, this formulation was modified to enhance the model performance in reproducing the spectral peak energy content.     

基于小波的SPIHT雷达图像压缩算法

雷达在现代航海导航中占据着很重要的地位,在综合船桥系统和船舶交通管理系统里,雷达图像需要通过网络传送给其他导航系统如ECDIS或远程图像监视系统。由于雷达图像数据量非常大,为了保证图像的实时性,通过网络传输雷达图像时,先要对雷达图像进行压缩。雷达天线的扫描速度大约为20 RPM,所以一幅雷达图像的数据压缩、数据传输和数据重建必须在3 s内完成,这对雷达图像的压缩和重建提出了很高的要求。论文采用基于小波变换的SPIHT算法对雷达图像进行压缩.在追求高压缩比率情况下,保证了较低的均方误差和较高的信噪比,最后用C 实现了算法并给出了实验对比数据。     

关于加强引航管理和引航安全监管的几点认识

引航在我国对外开放、促进港航经济持续快速发展方面起着十分重要的作用。就如何改进引航管理及引航安全监督,文章从引航以及引航员的性质入手进行了分析。     

Comparison of Microbubble and Air Layer Injection with Porous Media for Drag Reduction on a Self-propelled Barge Ship Model

Ship resistance issues are related to fuel economy, speed, and cost efficiency. Air lubrication is a promising technique for lowering hull frictional resistance as it is supposed to modify the energy in the turbulent boundary layer and thereby reduce hull friction. In this paper, the objective is to identify the optimum type of air lubrication using microbubble drag reduction (MBDR) and air layer drag reduction (ALDR) techniques to reduce the resistance of a 56-m Indonesian self-propelled barge (SPB). A model with the following dimensions was constructed: length L?=?2000 mm, breadth B?=?521.60 mm, and draft T?=?52.50 mm. The ship model was towed using standard towing tank experimental parameters. The speed was varied over the Froude number range 0.11–0.31. The air layer flow rate was varied at 80, 85, and 90 standard liters per minute (SLPM) and the microbubble injection coefficient over the range 0.20–0.60. The results show that the ship model using the air layer had the highest drag reduction up to a maximum of 90%. Based on the characteristics of the SPB, which operates at low speed, the optimum air lubrication type to reduce resistance in this instance is ALDR.     

江都散货泊位船舶操纵仿真模拟研究

拟建江都散货泊位工程水域附近流态复杂。为保证进出港船舶和靠、离泊作业船舶的安全,需要对拟建工程进行模拟仿真研究。根据实地拍摄视景图片和定位,制作出码头附近的三维视景库,利用当地实测地形资料和相关资料,制作出包括码头设计尺寸、航道的三维地形图和视景图及电子江图,运用水流模拟软件进行模拟和验证,建立了6自由度的设计船舶模型,根据不同风、流组合条件,进行了模拟航行和操纵试验,得到试验数据和模拟研究结论。本次模拟研究,首次使用专业水流模拟软件,结合大型船舶操纵模拟器进行试验,使结果更加具有参考价值和科学依据。     

船舶碰撞过程的实时动态仿真

为了进行船舶碰撞事故的海事分析、船舶操纵方案论证、船舶通航安全评估,应用MMG分离建模方法,建立了船舶操纵运动的仿真模型。根据两船发生碰撞时的水域范围、当时水域的海况和天气情况,制作相应的电子海图,在此基础上,建立了船舶操纵与碰撞过程的仿真平台并对当事两船舶的碰撞过程进行实时动态仿真。对仿真的结果进行海事分析并得出相应的结论,该结论可靠,对船长、驾驶员具有重要的参考加值。     

一种内河顶推船队的引航控制模型

引航控制模型是考虑了人在控制闭环中作用的船舶自动引航模型,它不同于精确控制航迹或者航向的自动舵控制模型,重点在于量化和探索船舶驾引知识和经验.它是港口航道设计和安全评估经常采用的快时模拟的基础.基于模糊推理方法,结合系列内河船队操纵性实测数据与实际操船经验,设计出一种仿真智能的内河顶推船队引航控制模型,并以某顶推船队为原型,进行了仿真试验.结果表明:引航控制建模方法,包括隶属度函数和推理规则的确定能忠实地反映人员操舵控制过程.这种建模方法可为快时模拟论证等工作提供理论和技术支持.