A new time-frequency analysis method based on single mode function decomposition for offshore wind turbines

The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) has been widely applied and recognised as a powerful time-frequency analysis method for nonlinear and non-stationary signals in numerous engineering fields. One of its major challenges is that the HHT is frequently subject to mode mixing in the processing of practical signals such as those of offshore wind turbines, as the frequencies of offshore wind turbines are typically close and contaminated by noise. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new time-frequency analysis method based on single mode function (SMF) decomposition to overcome the mode mixing problem in the structural health monitoring (SHM) of offshore wind turbines. In this approach, the structural vibration signal is first decomposed into a set of window components using complex exponential decomposition. A state-space model is introduced in the signal decomposition to improve the numerical stability of the decomposition, and then a novel window-alignment strategy, named energy gridding, is proposed and the signals are constructed in the corresponding gridding. Furthermore, energy recollection is implemented in each gridding, and the reassembling of these components yields an SMF that is comparable to the intrinsic mode function (IMF) of the HHT, but with a significant improvement in terms of mode mixing. Four case studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The first case attempts to detect three different frequencies in a simulated time-invariant signal. The second case attempts to test a synthesised signal with segmental time-varying frequencies (each segment contains three different frequencies components). The analysis results in these two cases indicate that mode mixing can be reduced by the proposed method. Furthermore, a synthesised signal with slowly varying frequencies is used. These analysis results demonstrate the effective suppression of non-relevant frequency components using SMF decomposition. In the third case, the experimental data from vortex-induced vibration (VIV) experiments sponsored by the Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) are used to evaluate the proposed SMF decomposition for vibration mode identification. In the final case, field data acquired from an offshore wind turbine foundation and offshore wind turbine are analysed. The mode identification results obtained using SMF decomposition are compared with those produced by the HHT. The comparison demonstrates superior performance of the proposed method in identifying the vibration modes of the VIV experimental and field data.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的船舶结构冲击响应研究

针对水下爆炸时船舶结构遭受的冲击响应信号具有非线性非平稳的特点,提出将Hilbert-Huang变换用于船舶结构冲击响应信号处理.Hilbert-Huang变换是基于经验模态分解(EMD)和Hilbert谱的一种信号处理方法,用EMD分解把时间序列信号分解成不同特征时间尺度的固有模态函数(IMF),然后对IMF分量进行Hilbert变换,从本质上分析船舶结构冲击响应信号的组成成分及特点.与FFT变换和小波变换相比,Hilbert-Huang变换体现出自适应性和先进性,可以有效提取船舶冲击响应信号的时频特征,揭示船舶结构自身的动态特性对冲击响应的影响.     

结合EMD和功率谱熵的船舶轴频电场线谱提取

为实现强海洋背景噪声中的微弱船舶轴频电场信号检测,提出了一种结合经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和窄带子区间功率谱熵的线谱提取新算法.首先,利用EMD方法从含噪信号中分解出一组有效固有模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Functions,IMFs),对各有效IMF的功率谱进行子区间划分;其次,定义并计算各子区间的能量峰值熵比(Energy Peak Entropy Ratio,EPER)特征;最后,通过对轴频信号和环境噪声物理特征差异的分析,结合K-均值聚类方法进行特征量的筛选,实现线谱提取.海上实测数据的处理结果表明,相比于直接的功率谱分析,算法的线谱可提取下限降低了6.7 dB.     

基于EMD的柴油机失火故障诊断

提出了一种基于经验模式分解（Empirical Mode Decomposition，EMD）和自回归（Auto Regression，AR）模型的柴油机失火故障诊断方法．对3110型柴油机断油故障及正常情况下的缸盖振动信号进行了测试分析，采用经验模式分解EMD方法对振动信号进行分解，得到固有模态函数（Intrinsic Mode Function，IMF），对每一个IMF分量分别建立AR模型，以模型的自回归参数和残差的方差作为特征向量，用支持向量机（Support Vector Machines，SVM）进行分类，判断柴油机的工作状态和故障类型．实验结果分析表明，该方法即使在小样本情况下也能准确有效地诊断柴油机失火故障，能实现故障的实时自动化诊断．     

基于经验模态分解的大型轮船锚机齿轮箱故障诊断

经验模态分解法(EMD)是一种针对信号变化的自适应处理方法。针对某大型轮船锚机齿轮箱,首先通过测量不同转速和位置的振动信号预估故障源;其次对采集出的原始故障信号进行处理,提取故障特征,即通过EMD将原始信号分解为若干个IMF分量,不同的IMF分量包含不同频段所对应的能量,然后再对IMF分量进行包络分析和谱分析,最终便可确定故障源,并对其进行修复。通过测试比较,验证了EMD理论方法的正确性和有效性。     

Novel hot spot stress calculations for welded joints using 3D solid finite elements

This paper presents a novel numerical method through which less mesh-sensitive local stress calculations can be achieved based on the 3D solid finite element, adhering strictly to the original definition of hot spot stress. The traction stress, which is defined at 0.5t and 1.5t away from the weld toe, was calculated using either a force equivalent or work equivalent approach, both of which are based on the internal nodal forces on the imaginary cut planes. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, 5 typical welded joints widely used in ships and offshore structures were analyzed using 5 different solid element types and 4 different mesh sizes. Finally, the methodology was applied to the more complicated pontoon-column connection part of a semi-submersible RIG under a realistic wave load, and the performance of the proposed method was compared with the traditionally used surface stress extrapolation method.     

一种提取数据包络的方法

提取试验数据的上下包络,可以在总体上对试验数据进行初步分析,掌握试验数据的有效程度.借鉴EMD方法中的镜像延拓法对试验数据边界进行对称处理,选取三次样条函数进行插值以提取试验数据上下包络.数据处理结果表明,这种方法可以有效地提取试验数据的上下包络.     

基于双核DSP的科氏质量流量计并行信号处理

科里奥利质量流量计可直接测量介质质量流量与密度,因而被广泛应用于海洋石油领域。针对单处理器难以保证CMF信号处理实时性要求的问题,基于双核DSP设计了多任务分布的CMF并行信号处理方法。完成数据采集与数字滤波计算任务的预处理进程与完成频率检测与相位差检测任务的后处理进程以并行方式分布在双核DSP中,2个进程之间通过核间中断进行同步。为了验证相位差检测实时性与精度,构建了CMF信号处理验证平台。实验结果表明,基于双核DSP的CMF并行信号处理方法具有更高的精度与实时性。     

基于VDM与APSO优化极限学习机的船舶运动姿态预报

为提高船舶在海上运动的耐波性与适航性,并为解决具有非线性、随机性和非平稳性特点的船舶运动姿态难以准确预测的问题,提出运用一种基于变分模态分解和自适应粒子群算法优化极限学习机的组合预测模型。该算法首先利用变分模态分解将船舶运动姿态序列分解为一系列限带内本征模态函数,并且变分模态分解可以避免经验模态分解技术所产生的模态混叠和端点效应,可以降低序列的非平稳性对预测精度的影响;然后对各模态分量分别建立极限学习机预测模型,并用改进的粒子群算法对极限学习机的初始权值和阈值进行优化;最后将各模态分量预测结果进行叠加,得到最终的船舶运动姿态预测值。通过模拟试验测试并与其他传统的预测方法进行比较,结果表明所建立的组合预测模型具有更高的预测精度。     

模态机械阻抗综合法及其在柔性隔振系统中的应用

模态机械阻抗综合法(MMISA)是近年发展起来的一种新的子结构振动分析方法.它能求解含弹性部件系统的振动问题,同时克服了以往在动态子结构分析中由于各子结构自由度数不同而带来的困难,是传统机械阻抗综合法的推广.本文研究分析复杂隔振系统力学建模的模态机械阻抗综合法和其在振动分析中应用,通过浮筏隔振系统算例,讨论了弹性体模型和刚体模型的计算结果.     

一种通用型基于经验模态分解的小波阈值滤波方法研究

首先针对中高频水声信号,提出一种改进的经验模态分解加小波软阈值滤波方法;然后将信号进行带通滤波处理及经验模态分解,将分解得到的各个模态转换为频域信号,采用小波软阈值方法在频域上对这些模态进行滤波,最后对信号进行重构,并将其转换为时域信号。分别采用本方法和原时域上的小波阈值方法对不同频率的水声信号进行滤波,经计算分析可知,对频率小于800 Hz的水声信号,采用原方法可获得较好的滤波效果;当信号频率大于800 Hz时,采用本方法的滤波效果更好,因此应针对不同频率的水声信号,选择合适的滤波方法,以获得满意的滤波效果。     

船用柴油机气阀漏气声发射监测系统研制

介绍了适用于工程应用的柴油机气阀漏气声发射便携式监测系统。其中,声发射传感器通过手持式安装座便携式放置在柴油机缸盖,以STM32F103VC微处理器为核心的便携式信号采集控制器远距离控制NI FPGA数据采集卡的高速数据采集,Lab VIEW平台下开发的声发射信号分析软件对采集的信号进行预处理后,经过滤波、信号区间提取和EMD信号分析处理,提取气阀漏气特征参数,监测柴油机气阀状态。经某中速机的试验验证,系统能适用于船舶现场工程环境。     

Analysis of velocity fluctuations and their intermittency properties in the surf zone using empirical mode decomposition

We consider here surf zone turbulence measurements, recorded in the Eastern English Channel using a sonic anemometer. In order to characterize the intermittent properties of their fluctuations at many time scales, we analyze the experimental time series using the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method. The series is decomposed into a sum of modes, each one narrow-banded, and we show that some modes are associated with the energy containing wave breaking scales, and other modes are associated with small-scale intermittent fluctuations. We use the EMD approach in association with a newly developed method based on Hilbert spectral analysis, representing the probability density function in an amplitude–frequency space. We then characterize the fluctuations in a stochastic framework using a cumulant generating function for all scales, and compare the results obtained from direct and classical structure function analysis, to EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis results, showing that the former method saturates at large scales, whereas the latter method is more precise in its scale approach. These results show the strength of the new EMD–Hilbert spectral analysis method for data presenting a strong forcing such as found in shallow water, wave dominated situations.     

An improved modal strain energy method for damage detection in offshore platform structures

The development of robust damage detection methods for offshore structures is crucial to prevent catastrophes caused by structural failures. In this research, we developed an Improved Modal Strain Energy (IMSE) method for detecting damage in offshore platform structures based on a traditional modal strain energy method (the Stubbs index method). The most significant difference from the Stubbs index method was the application of modal frequencies. The goal was to improve the robustness of the traditional method. To demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IMSE method, both numerical and experimental studies were conducted for different damage scenarios using a jacket platform structure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the IMSE method in damage location when only limited, spatially incomplete, and noise-polluted modal data is available. Comparative studies showed that the IMSE index outperformed the Stubbs index and exhibited stronger robustness, confirming the superiority of the proposed approach.     

利用一种改进的模态应变能法诊断海洋平台结构的损伤（英文）

The development of robust damage detection methods for offshore structures is crucial to prevent catastrophes caused by structural failures. In this research, we developed an Improved Modal Strain Energy(IMSE) method for detecting damage in offshore platform structures based on a traditional modal strain energy method(the Stubbs index method). The most significant difference from the Stubbs index method was the application of modal frequencies. The goal was to improve the robustness of the traditional method. To demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed IMSE method, both numerical and experimental studies were conducted for different damage scenarios using a jacket platform structure. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the IMSE method in damage location when only limited, spatially incomplete, and noise-polluted modal data is available. Comparative studies showed that the IMSE index outperformed the Stubbs index and exhibited stronger robustness, confirming the superiority of the proposed approach.     

Assessment of offshore structures under extreme wave conditions by Modified Endurance Wave Analysis

Recently, various approaches have been introduced to estimate the response of offshore structures in different sea states by stepwisely intensifying records. In this article, a more practical approach entitled Modified Endurance Wave Analysis (MEWA) considering the random and probabilistic nature of wave loading and utilizing optimal time duration is introduced. Generation procedure of this approach is described based on two practical wave theories: random and constrained new-wave. In addition, assessment of a simplified model representing a typical fixed offshore platform under extreme wave conditions in the Persian Gulf is performed making use of MEWA. A comparative analysis has been also carried out to investigate the accuracy and computational costs of MEWA. The results indicate that MEWA can be a time-saving and also reliable method both in design and assessment of offshore platforms.     

可移动生产储油平台的应用与发展

介绍了海上边际油两种主要开发模式“三一模式”和“蜜蜂模式”,及其适用的油田类型.对“蜜蜂式”开发模式中的一种主要工程设施,可移动生产储油平台的自安装、方便搬迁、可重复利用等特点进行了详细的分析.回顾了我国渤海、涠洲以及南海海域采用可移动平台开发边际油田的进展.介绍了自升式钻井平台改造、海洋石油161平台建造等工程经验,如筒形基础可移动平台、多功能简易海洋平台、分体自升式平台等概念.针对南海东部边际油田开发的紧迫性,提出了须解决的关键技术,认为采用可移动储油平台这样的开发模式是可行的.     

Extreme hawser tension assessment for FPSO vessel during offloading operation in Bohai bay

The Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit (FPSO) is an offshore vessel that produces and stores crude oil prior to tanker transport.Robust prediction of extreme hawser tensions during Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) operation is an important safety concern. Excessive hawser tension may occur during offloading operations, posing an operational risk. In this paper, AQWA has been used to analyze vessel response due to hydrodynamic wave loads, acting on a specific FPSO vessel under actual sea conditions. Experimental validation of numerical results has been discussed as well.This paper advocates methodology for estimating extreme response statistics, based on simulations (or measurements). The modified ACER (averaged conditional exceedance rate) method is presented in brief detail. Proposed methodology provides an accurate extreme value prediction, utilizing all available data efficiently. In this study the estimated return level values, obtained by ACER method, are compared to the corresponding return level values obtained by Gumbel method. Based on the overall performance of the proposed method, it is concluded that the improved ACER method can provide more robust and accurate prediction of the extreme hawser tension.Data declustering issue has been addressed. Paper highlights ability of ACER method to account for a set of varying sea state probabilities, as required in engineering long term statistical analysis.Described approach may be well used at the vessel design stage, while defining optimal vessel parameters that would minimize potential FPSO hawser tension.     

保障使命任务分解与流程集成方法研究

保障使命任务分解是保障流程分析与建模的基础,运用美国国防部体系框架（Department of Defense Architecture Frame—work,DoDAF）,给出了体系使命分解的原则与建立保障任务静态模型的方法,在任务分解的基础上,建立了保障任务静态模型,提出了基于Petri网的保障体系集成建模方法,给出了模型的概念视图,介绍了流程动态规划模型的建立方法,运用上述模型与方法对实际案例进行分析与应用,验证了模型和方法的有效性。     

蒙特卡罗法在海上边际油田风险评估中的应用

由于海上边际油田的开发效益受各种风险因素的影响，使得海上油田开发决策难度很大，因此科学的评估海上油田开发方案的抗风险能力，对制定合理的开发方案起着重要的作用。介绍的风险评估方法以海上边际油田风险评价数学模型为基础，能够将地质风险评估和经济风险评估有机的结合起来。根据海上油田勘探、开发、生产、销售阶段的特征，阐明选择风险因素的原则，以及确定风险因素的概率分布特征的方法，并举例说明了蒙特卡罗法评价风险的过程。研究结果对我国海上边际油田风险分析方法的发展能起到推动作用。