Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

专业力量齐发力 复工复产有实招——北海航海保障中心抗疫情保复工侧记

疫情阻击战到了最关键的阶段,保复工、稳发展迫在眉睫。北海航海保障中心(简称“中心”)主动作为,有效履职,积极加强与属地海事、引航、气象、港口等单位的协调沟通,针对辖区LNG、煤炭能源运输提供定制化优先服务,保障各类导助航设施、系统平稳正常运行。新冠肺炎疫情期间,共计为辖区1.7万余艘次船舶航行和13.5万人次旅客安全运送提供了及时、高效的航海保障服务。     

感应充电路面技术研究现状与展望

以感应充电技术(Inductive Power Transfer,IPT)为主要特征的充电路面(Electrified Road,e-Road)近年来发展迅速，其可为行进中的电动汽车进行动态无线充电，有效解决电动汽车充电时间过长、续航里程不足等问题，是支撑未来公路交通电气化发展的重要储备技术。详细介绍了IPT系统的工作原理和性能特点，并总结了已有e-Road试验段的充电性能参数和技术就绪度水平。在此基础上，进一步从基础设施角度剖析了e-Road目前存在的主要工程问题及相关研究进展，内容包括：①深入分析了IPT系统工作时因高频磁场通过介电性路面材料所引起的电磁损耗对IPT系统充电效率的影响，并提出了可能的解决方法；②针对充电模块与普通沥青路面存在的力学兼容性问题，从结构受力原理、材料损伤特性等方面总结了e-Road复合结构产生力学损伤加剧效应的原因，并提出了耐久性优化措施；③针对e-Road环境可持续方面存在的不确定性，评估并对比了e-Road与传统道路的全生命周期环境效益，指出了e-Road环境性能研究对电动汽车全生命周期综合效益估算的重要性。此外，还从政策支持、安全性、价格因素等角度对e-Road进行了综合可行性评估，并对充电路面基础设施的未来发展进行了智能化展望，提出了e-Road与其他新型智能道路技术进行有机融合的可能途径。     

新时代高职教育专业教师发展存在问题与建议

随着我国经济的快速发展,国家对新时代职业教育提出了期望。新时代职业教育对专业教师的要求更高。专业教师具备一定专业理论知识以及对应职业技能的“双师”型教师。因高职学校教师本身师资结构老化、年轻教师职业技能短缺等特性,同时因教师个人精力和知识的限制,部分教师难以满足以上的要求。课题组研究分析了高职学校专业教师发展的制约因素,提出相应解决问题的对策。通过研究专业教师分类培养方法,制订分类培养管理体系和考核方案,可以促进专业教师的健康发展,有助于提升学校的实力和教学质量。     

Effects of perceived safety,involvement and perceived service quality on loyalty intention among ride-sourcing passengers

Transportation - Ride-sourcing services are increasingly popular since they were first introduced in the last decade. Particularly in developing countries where public transport systems have...     

西安某地铁车站洞桩法施工的地表变形规律数值模拟分析

以西安某地铁车站为例,采用PBA(洞桩)法暗挖施工,通过FLAC软件的数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法研究了车站施工诱发的地表沉降与边桩变形的规律.研究结果表明:①地表沉降曲线沿车站中线对称分布,地表沉降变化的主要影响区域在距车站中线20 m的范围内,最终地表沉降最大值为50.45 mm;车站整体施工中,地表沉降累计变化速率呈现先增加后平缓、再增加最后平缓的现象;②边桩水平位移最大值为16.89mm,位于边桩中上部位置,越接近桩底,边桩水平位移越小;③边桩主要承受轴向压力,应力值随时间经历了"平缓、加速,再平缓、加速增加"的过程;背土侧轴向钢筋为受拉状态,仅在桩底偶尔会出现受压情况;迎土侧、中性面轴向钢筋为受压状态.FLAC软件数值模拟的结果与现场实测的结果基本吻合.     

多点后方交会法在地铁竖井联系测量中的应用

竖井联系测量工作的可操作性及准确性对矿山法隧道施工至关重要。以广州市轨道交通21号线某标段2号隧道为研究对象,基于施工竖井结构及现场环境的特殊性,对用于辅助测量的4根钢丝距离和角度进行观测,再利用多点后方交会及钢丝坐标传递原理实现井上和井下坐标传递。研究表明,在隧道开挖至40~60 m、100~150 m、贯通前150~200 m处3个位置开展联系测量工作,可获得井下控制点坐标和方位;利用测量基线指导隧道施工,隧道最大横向贯通误差为38.8 mm,横向贯通限差为±100.0 mm,贯通测量成果良好。结果表明:基于多点后方交会法联系测量技术在地铁竖井联系测量工作中可以快速实现高精度的坐标、方位传递,指导隧道施工,弥补传统常规联系测量方法的不足。     

Time-series analysis of remote-sensed chlorophyll and environmental factors in the Santa Monica–San Pedro Basin off Southern California

The time-series of remote-sensed surface chlorophyll concentration measured by SeaWiFS radiometer from September 1997 to December 2001 and the relevant hydrological and meteorological factors (remote-sensed sea surface temperature, atmospheric precipitation, air temperature and wind stress) in Santa Monica Bay and adjacent waters off southern California were analyzed using wavelet and cross-correlation statistical methods. All parameters exhibited evident seasonal patterns of variation. Wavelet analysis revealed salient long-term variations most evident in air temperature during El Niño 1997–1998 and in wind stress during La Niña 1998–1999. Short-period (<100 days) variations of remote-sensed chlorophyll biomass were mostly typical to spring seasons. Chlorophyll biomass was significantly correlated with air temperature and wind stress: an increase of chlorophyll biomass followed with 5–6-day time lag an increase of wind stress accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of air temperature. The mechanism of these variations was an intensification of phytoplankton growth resulting from the mixing of water column by wind stress and entrainment of nutrients into the euphotic layer.     

半约束模型试验--一种验证随浪和斜浪中波浪力计算的手段

本文采用半约束模型试验技术，对一条高速船在规则波中随浪和斜浪工况进行了流体动力系列试验，以探讨航运的安全性，验证作用于船体上波浪力的估算方法。对每次试验，以波动方程的形式采用数值估算方法确定环绕船模的波浪运动的时间历程。并用同样的方法从测量数据中提取垂荡和纵摇与模型测量运动，一阶波导纵荡、横荡作用力和首摇力矩。因此合理比较理论计算的波浪力与力矩的时间历程成为可能。这表明SSPA海事动力学的研究所(MDL)模型试验设施可以提供高质量的测量，与所述计算方法结合起来可用来验证理论计算和建立半经验方法。