Role of Bus‐Based Park and Ride in the UK: A Temporal and Evaluative Review

Abstract

The number of bus‐based Park and Ride (P&R) schemes in the UK has grown substantially over the past 40 years as a result of its encouragement by the Government as a tool to deal with increasing traffic congestion and traffic‐related pollution. The aim of this article is to analyse the degree to which P&R is effective in the contemporary policy context. The authors identify phases of development of P&R since its emergence as a local solution to transport capacity constraints in historic towns. Policy goals are identified against which a review of literature is used to highlight its effectiveness. It is concluded that P&R may increase the distance travelled by its users due to low load factors on dedicated buses, public transport abstraction and trip generation, although it is highlighted that there are areas in which further research is required to clarify its impacts.     

Design of passive vehicle suspensions for maximal least damping ratio

This paper studies the use of the least damping ratio among system poles as a performance metric in passive vehicle suspensions. Methods are developed which allow optimal solutions to be computed in terms of non-dimensional quantities in a quarter-car vehicle model. Solutions are provided in graphical form for convenient use across vehicle types. Three suspension arrangements are studied: the standard suspension involving a parallel spring and damper and two further suspension arrangements involving an inerter. The key parameters for the optimal solutions are the ratios of unsprung mass to sprung mass and suspension static stiffness to tyre vertical stiffness. A discussion is provided of performance trends in terms of the key parameters. A comparison is made with the optimisation of ride comfort and tyre grip metrics for various vehicle types.     

The simple platoon advancement model of its technologies applied to vehicle control at signalised intersections

The Simple Platoon Advancement (SPA) Model describes a conceptual system whose principal objective is to increase the throughput of vehicles at signalised intersections. This is achieved through a novel combination of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) technologies including Automatic Cruise Control, Lane Departure Avoidance, and Collision Avoidance. These are combined in SPA so that vehicles are progressed through signalised intersections under automated control. All of the vehicles in a stationary queue are moved instantly at the start‐of‐green as a closely‐spaced platoon. Dispersion occurs after all vehicles are in motion. Throughput of the SPA model is determined analytically and comparisons are made between the SPA model and a valid representation of current road traffic behaviour. These comparisons show that theoretically a SPA system can progress nearly twice as many vehicles past the stopline as can be seen in today's road network. Other benefits of a conceptual SPA system are improved safety and a reduction in delay per vehicle.     

Roll-on/roll-off semi-trailer models: a comparison of results

A comparison is made of the various mathematical models that have been constructed, over the past 15 years, of a semi-trailer that can be carried on roll-on/roll-off ships, and some results from five of the models developed by the author are given. The purpose of this comparison is to show that even in the absence of reliable experimental evidence, there is such good agreement between the models that the results from each of them can be relied upon. Problems resulting from large lashing loads and deck loads are highlighted, and it is suggested that the present codes which govern the way semi-trailers are secured on board ship need further scrutiny. Received: January 28, 2000 / Accepted: December 6, 2000     

Coastal Resources as an Engine of Economic Growth and Reduction of Poverty in West Africa: Policy Considerations

This article synthesizes lessons and outcomes from the second international Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific conference (CZAP) on “Improving the Quality of Life in Coastal Areas,” held in Brisbane in September 2004. The conference theme was chosen as a follow-up from the first CZAP that identified priority actions in response to the increasing recognition of social issues in coastal management, particularly those aiming to improve the state of the coastal areas in the Asia-Pacific region. The second CZAP explored the “quality of life” theme by placing emphasis on rectifying coastal poverty, sustaining livelihoods, and protecting cultural heritage. Mechanisms to address these issues were explored through international agreements, participatory research, capacity building, and education, as well as the continuing need for integrated planning, environmental management, and effective monitoring and evaluation. A post-conference survey showed that the second CZAP resulted in 122 initiatives (82 underway and another 40 planned) to progress the improvement of quality of life in coastal areas. These initiatives ranged from the establishment of a unit that is responsible for river basin and coastal zone management by the Thua Thien Hue provincial government in Vietnam, to a collaborative on-ground livelihoods project between NGOs, government, and financial institutions on coastal zone management facilitated by the Asian Development Bank. However, the authors argue that two key challenges for ICM in the Asia-Pacific region remain. These challenges relate to the effective monitoring and evaluation of ICM initiatives, as well as matching future ICM initiatives to emergent priority areas.     

Predicting Stakeholder Support for Fishery Policies

Fisheries management has been used to address declining fisheries and threats to livelihood and food security. Past research suggests that public support for fishery policies is a necessary component for sustaining the long-term success of fisheries management. This study predicted public support by examining fishers’ perspectives on co-management and fish catch since the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs), a commonly employed fisheries management tool. Data were obtained from onsite surveys (n = 505) with fishers from three municipalities in Cebu, Philippines: Oslob, Santander, and Samboan. Structural path analyses revealed that beliefs about co-management and fish catch predicted support for fishery policies (R² = 59%). Separate path analyses for each municipality showed that co-management had greater influence in predicting public support for fishery policies in Oslob and Santander. Fish catch was a better predictor for public support for fishery policies in Samboan. Results can help local governments, non-governmental organizations, and fishery managers to prioritize, plan, and improve fisheries management in municipal waters.     

Focusing the transit alternatives analysis process

This paper explores the role of transit alternatives analyses, as defined by UMTA/FHWA technical requirements, in urban-transit decision-making. Case studies involving the Southwest Corridor of Chicago and the Dallas Area Rapid Transit Authority are reviewed. Decision-maker information needs, which differed widely between the two case studies, are outlined in terms of an emphasis on 10–15 key indices, the highlighting of trade-offs between direct and indirect impacts, and the identification of criteria where decision-maker judgment should be applied. Planning products most useful to decision-makers are identified, including the clear exposition of intangible costs and benefits. Financial cash-flow analysis, as related to implementation staging, and the well-organized management of overall evaluation results were also found to be important planning outputs in the case studies considered. Suggestions for improving planning products and the flow of information center on continuing evidence of the need for quick-response travel-analysis methods, better use of trade-off graphics, and avoiding the dangers of information overload. Several lessons learned from the case studies are listed.     

列车无线控制系统下的微机联锁和移动闭塞

1早期的应用 1923年,英国首次进行了利用无线传输技术来运行列车的试验.从那时起直到80年代,除了在无线列车调度系统中的应用之外,无线技术很少被用到列车控制中.80年代,在闭塞数据的传输中,点对点无线传输技术取代了电报传输技术,于是出现了基于传输的ATP系统,无线广播通讯技术也首次用于"准"安全的调度集中-无线电子路签Token闭塞(RETB)中.     

基于公共汽车的停车换乘在英国的作用——历史回顾与评述

过去40年里,英国政府鼓励基于公共汽车的停车换乘(P&R),并将其作为解决交通拥堵和交通污染问题的有效措施,使得此类计划的数量持续增长.为分析当前政策背景下P&R发挥的作用,从P&R作为历史名城解决交通容量不足的方法出现开始,将其发展分为了几个阶段.得出的结论是,政策目标与文献回顾中强调的P&R作用相悖;由于P&R专用...