基于混杂理论的电磁与摩擦集成制动方法

鉴于传统电子液压制动系统连续制动易产生"热衰退"现象，结构缺陷导致的制动响应慢，制动系统与电控系统衔接差等缺点，提出了一种基于混杂自动机模型的电磁与摩擦集成制动方法。首先分析集成制动器制动时的工作特点以及不同情况下对应的工作模式（纯电磁制动、纯摩擦制动以及集成制动），并确定3种制动模式的切换条件，通过逻辑门限算法将其实现。根据制动时车辆既具有连续运动状态又有离散状态的混杂特性，使用MATLAB/Stateflow建立基于制动模式切换系统的推广自动机模型，并根据制动模式切换控制策略，对3种制动模式切换进行试验，验证制动模式切换控制策略的合理性。最后选取车辆制动初速度为28 m·s^-1的直线制动工况，分别在高附着系数（0.85）以及低附着系数（0.3）的路面条件下，通过试验平台对控制算法和制动系统性能进行试验验证。研究结果表明：所提出的汽车混杂理论模型以及优化方法在在低附着系数（0.3）路面条件下，集成制动方法较传统液压制动系统缩短5.12%的制动距离，缩短制动时间0.3 s；在高附着系数（0.85）路面条件下，集成制动方法较传统液压制动系统缩短5.66%的制动距离，缩短制动时间0.2 s，能有效提高制动效能。     

Transient switching control strategy from regenerative braking to anti-lock braking with a semi-brake-by-wire system

Regenerative braking is an important technology in improving fuel economy of an electric vehicle (EV). However, additional motor braking will change the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle, leading to braking instability, especially when the anti-lock braking system (ABS) is triggered. In this paper, a novel semi-brake-by-wire system, without the use of a pedal simulator and fail-safe device, is proposed. In order to compensate for the hysteretic characteristics of the designed brake system while ensure braking reliability and fuel economy when the ABS is triggered, a novel switching compensation control strategy using sliding mode control is brought forward. The proposed strategy converts the complex coupling braking process into independent control of hydraulic braking and regenerative braking, through which a balance between braking performance, braking reliability, braking safety and fuel economy is achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy is effective and adaptable in different road conditions while the large wheel slip rate is triggered during a regenerative braking course. The research provides a new possibility of low-cost equipment and better control performance for the regenerative braking in the EV and the hybrid EV.     

Combined control of a regenerative braking and antilock braking system for hybrid electric vehicles

Most parallel hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) employ both a hydraulic braking system and a regenerative braking system to provide enhanced braking performance and energy regeneration. A new design of a combined braking control strategy (CBCS) is presented in this paper. The design is based on a new method of HEV braking torque distribution that makes the hydraulic braking system work together with the regenerative braking system. The control system meets the requirements of a vehicle longitudinal braking performance and gets more regenerative energy charge back to the battery. In the described system, a logic threshold control strategy (LTCS) is developed to adjust the hydraulic braking torque dynamically, and a fuzzy logic control strategy (FCS) is applied to adjust the regenerative braking torque dynamically. With the control strategy, the hydraulic braking system and the regenerative braking system work synchronously to assure high regenerative efficiency and good braking performance, even on roads with a low adhesion coefficient when emergency braking is required. The proposed braking control strategy is steady and effective, as demonstrated by the experiment and the simulation.     

并联混合动力客车再生制动仿真研究

建立了并联式混合动力汽车动力学模型,并对纯电机制动模式和机电混合模式混合动力汽车能量再生制动进行了仿真。仿真结果表明：对于纯电机模式,制动效能低,能量回收率达29％;对于机电混合制动模式,制动效能高,能量回收率仅2％。     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

并行再生制动系统控制器的设计与开发

分析了混合动力汽车再生制动系统的特点及其应用前景,提出了一种基于并行控制的再生制动控制策略;针对某款并联式混合动力轿车,采用并行再生制动控制策略,进行了制动控制器的软硬件开发;搭建了硬件在环仿真试验系统对控制器进行了硬件在环仿真验证,并对控制器进行了实车测功机试验和实车道路试验。试验结果表明:该控制器运行稳定、可靠,整车平均制动能量回收效率达15%左右,显著提高了汽车的能源利用效率。     

电动汽车再生制动的滑移率控制

以不改变电动汽车原有机械制动系统结构和控制方式为前提,提出一种并联式混合制动滑移率控制方法.该方法明确划分了再生制动控制和原有机械制动控制的作用工况.将再生制动控制转化为滑移率规划和控制两个问题,并设计了滑模控制器.分析和仿真结果显示,在不同强度、不同方式及存在参数不确定性下制动,该方法都可以实现再生制动和机械制动的准确控制及平顺过渡.     

基于电机最优回馈转矩曲线的制动控制策略

本文中首先基于电机等效电路模型,分析了车用内置式永磁同步电机的耗能制动状态和回馈制动状态;然后根据电机矢量控制原理,对控制电流指令进行解析,并经试验数据的验证;接着计算得到永磁同步电机最优回馈转矩曲线,并据此提出一种制动回馈能量最优的串联制动控制策略。最后针对某P4并联混合动力商用车,仿真分析了在C?WTVC、CHTC?TT循环工况和试验采集到的某段省道工况下,并联制动和所提出的串联最优制动控制策略下的百公里油耗和制动回收能量。结果表明,与并联制动控制相比,基于电机最优回馈转矩曲线的串联制动控制策略可降低油耗,并回收更多的制动能量,实现制动回收能量和燃油经济性的提升。     

智能混合动力汽车电液复合制动的协调控制策略

为改善智能混合动力汽车智能辅助驾驶时的制动转矩响应,提出了电机与电子真空助力液压制动系统协调控制策略,包括EVB预测启动控制策略和制动转矩协调控制策略。基于期望制动转矩预测,建立了融合EVB动态响应特性的EVB预测启动控制策略。综合考虑电机动态响应特性、响应裕度、EVB动态响应特性和电池荷电状态,提出了基于电机制动转矩动态补偿的制动转矩协调控制策略。仿真结果表明,该协调制动控制策略可在整个制动过程提高制动转矩响应精度,改善系统的动态响应。     

Effect of regenerative braking energy on battery current balance in a parallel hybrid gasoline-electric vehicle under FTP-75 driving mode

In recent years, a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has been considered a successful technology. Especially, in case of a full HEV, the motor can drive the vehicle by itself at low velocity or assist the engine at high load. To improve the hybrid electric vehicle’s efficiency, a regenerative braking system is also applied to recover from kinetic energy. In this study, an experimental control apparatus was set up with a parallel hybrid electric vehicle mounted on a chassis dynamometer to measure ECU (engine control unit) and MCU (motor control unit) signals, including the current and state of charge in the battery. In order to analyze regenerative braking characteristics, user define braking driving cycle was introduced and carried out using different initial velocities and braking times. The FTP 75 driving cycle was then adapted under different initial SOC (state of charge) levels. The experiment data was analyzed in accordance with the vehicle velocity, battery current, instant SOC level, motor RPM, engine RPM, and then vehicle driving mode was decided. In case of braking driving cycle, it was observed that SOC were increased up to 1.5 % when the braking time and the velocidy were 6 second and 60 km/h, respectively. In addition, using the FTP 75 driving cycle, mode 1 was most frequently operated at SOC 65 conditions in phase 1. In phase 2, due to frequent stop-go hills, percentage of mode 1 was increase by 22 %. Eventually, despite of identity, it was shown that the characteristics of phase 3 differed from phase 1 due to the evanishment of the effects of initial SOCs.     

混合动力电动汽车制动系统回馈特性仿真

为了研究混合动力电动汽车(HEV)回馈制动特性,建立了用于城市公交的混合动力电动汽车复合制动系统的仿真模型,提出了回馈制动控制策略,分析了复合制动系统的工作过程,并探讨影响电动汽车制动系统可靠、安全和高效的主要因素,研究电动汽车复合制动系统优化途径。研究结果表明:回馈制动最低车速限值越小,制动能量回收率越大;从回收电动汽车能量角度分析,回馈制动比例应有一个有效范围值;在各种循环工况下,具有回馈制动功能时混合动力电动汽车城市客车单位里程的能量消耗可降低10%~25%。     

电动汽车复合制动控制研究现状综述

电动汽车复合制动由电机再生制动与机械摩擦制动两部分构成,其控制性能直接影响车辆的能量利用效率、制动安全性以及舒适性。围绕静态制动转矩分配控制、动态复合制动协调控制、制动换挡控制、智能辅助驾驶中的复合制动控制4个方面的研究现状与关键技术展开综述,并对复合制动控制未来研究方向进行了展望。对文献的梳理分析表明：制动转矩分配决定着复合制动系统能量回收能力与车辆制动稳定性,基于规则的分配策略面对复杂多变工况自适应性欠佳,而基于优化的分配策略各方面性能表现良好,但需要兼顾控制实时性与优化效果;利用电机响应迅速与控制精确的优势完成复合制动协调控制,能够提升制动模式切换过渡工况与紧急制动工况的控制性能,改善驾驶舒适性;制动过程中实施合理换挡可以进一步提升能量回收效率,同时通过补偿控制解决换挡过程中动力中断和转矩冲击等问题,保证换挡平顺性;随着电动汽车智能化和网联化发展,复合制动控制与驾驶人辅助系统相结合有助于在保证系统功能的同时实现能量回收效益最大化。     

串联式复合电源再生制动系统恒流控制

再生制动技术可以有效回收车辆制动能量，是提高电动汽车续驶里程的重要途径，超级电容具有高功率密度、高效率的特点，利用蓄电池-超级电容组成的复合电源作为电动汽车的储能装置可以改善电池工作状态，提高电池寿命及可靠性，并提高能量回收率。目前使用复合电源（蓄电池-超级电容）进行再生制动的电动汽车多采用并联形式，针对此类状况，基于无源串联复合电源结构设计其再生制动系统，其主要由电机、超级电容组、整流桥和控制器组成。在控制策略上，采用电压反馈恒定电流制动方式，基于脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制，在制动过程中根据电动汽车车速与超级电容端电压实时调节PWM的占空比以实现目标制动电流恒定。在MATLAB/Simulink平台上建立再生制动系统仿真模型，验证所提控制策略的有效性，并利用某电动汽车对所设计系统进行滑行、制动等试验。研究结果表明：相比有源并联式复合电源，该系统不需要DC/DC转换器，结构及控制简单，该系统能够较好地实现制动能量回收，所采用的控制策略能够有效地实现恒电流制动，电制动减速度稳定，同时具有较高的能量回收率。     

Distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation in the composite braking case for four-wheel drive hybrid electric car

Considering the controllability and observability of the braking torques of the hub motor, Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), and hydraulic brake for four-wheel drive (4WD) hybrid electric cars, a distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation algorithm for different braking situations has been proposed by fully utilising the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) sensor signals and multiple powersource signals. Firstly, the simulation platform of a 4WD hybrid electric car was established, which integrates an electronic-hydraulic composited braking system model and its control strategy, a nonlinear seven degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, and the Burckhardt tyre model. Secondly, combining the braking torque signals with the ESP signals, self-adaptive unscented Kalman sub-filter and main-filter adaptable to the observation noise were, respectively, designed. Thirdly, the fusion rules for the sub-filters and master filter were proposed herein, and the estimation results were compared with the simulated value of a real vehicle speed. Finally, based on the hardware in-the-loop platform and by picking up the regenerative motor torque signals and wheel cylinder pressure signals, the proposed speed estimation algorithm was tested under the case of moderate braking on the highly adhesive road, and the case of Antilock Braking System (ABS) action on the slippery road, as well as the case of ABS action on the icy road. Test results show that the presented vehicle speed estimation algorithm has not only a high precision but also a strong adaptability in the composite braking case.     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

一种电动汽车制动能量回收系统研究

文章以某款纯电动车制动能量回收系统为研究对象,首先,设计一种电液助力系统,阐述其结构方案和工作原理,接着基于该电液助力系统开展纯电动车串行制动能量回收系统设计研究,包括结构方案、控制方案、电气方案;实现在某款纯电动车产品上的搭载应用开发,结果表明,基于该电液助力系统的纯电动车能量回收系统,实现车辆在制动或减速阶段,机械-液压制动力与电机回馈制动力实时协调,最大限度地回收制动能量,并且获得较好的制动稳定性和“踏板感”,单个ECE循环工况经济性贡献率最高达28.9%。     

插电式混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略

由于再生制动控制策略直接影响了插电式混合动力汽车（PHEV）的经济性,文章提出了一种基于理想制动力分配的再生制动控制策略,这种策略能在保证制动稳定性的同时,尽可能多地回收制动能量,在Simulink平台上建立再生制动控制策略模型,并嵌入到Cruise软件中进行仿真。仿真结果表明,此模型相比没有制动能量回收的PHEV和传统汽车,都有效地提高了经济性,验证了再生制动控制策略的合理性。     

再生制动技术在汽车中的应用

再生制动技术是一种有效的节能方式。传统的汽车制动,是将车辆的动能变为摩擦片的热能浪费了,而再生制动技术的目的就是使这部分能量储存起来再利用,此种技术节约了能源,并降低了废气排量。文章对再生制动技术进行了理论研究,分析了再生制动技术的节能原理;从传动方式和能量存储方式上对再生制动技术汽车的名称作出定义,同时对再生制动汽车的功率流进行了分析。指出再生制动汽车在达到回收制动能量目的的同时,具有很多优点,是当前汽车发展的方向。     

CVT混合动力汽车再生制动控制策略与仿真分析

分析了混合动力汽车制动过程中发动机反拖制动和CVT速比控制对车辆再生制动性能的影响,提出了低制动强度下仅由电机再生制动、高制动强度下电机与制动器共同制动和紧急制动时发动机参与制动的再生制动策略。对典型工况进行了再生制动仿真,仿真结果表明,CVT速比控制可使电机运行在高效区,从而获得了比传统手动变速混合动力汽车更好的制动能量回收效果。     

Energy recovery based on pedal situation for regenerative braking system of electric vehicle

ABSTRACT

Energy recovery is a key technology to improve energy efficiency and extend driving range of electric vehicle. It is still a challenging issue to maximise energy recovery. We present an energy recovery mode (mode A) which recovers braking energy under all situations that accelerator pedal (AP) is lifted, brake pedal (BP) is depressed, as well as AP and BP are released completely; and propose a control strategy of regenerative braking based on driver's intention identified by a fuzzy recognition method. Other two modes: (1) recovery braking energy only the BP is depressed (mode B), (2) no energy recovery, have been studied to compare with mode A. Simulations are carried out on different adhesion conditions. Recovered energy and driving range are also obtained under FTP75 driving cycle. Road test is implemented to validate simulation results. Results show that mode A can improve energy recovery by almost 15.8% compared with mode B, and extend driving range by almost 8.81% compared with mode B and 20.39% with the mode of no energy recovery; the control strategy of regenerative braking can balance energy recovery and braking stability. The proposed energy recovery mode provides a possibility to achieve a single-pedal design of the electric vehicle.