一种小型潜器模型参数估计方法与实验研究

潜器的位置控制性能对深海采矿取样过程有很大影响.本文针对小型潜器位置控制的需要,研究其动态模型参数辨识方法.以机械能守恒定理为基础,讨论了机械能增量在正交坐标下的分配量与外力作功的能量转换关系.利用这一关系与最小二乘法,以潜器纵向运动动态灰箱模型参数估计为例,建立了基于能量转换的潜器模型参数估计方程,并开展了实验研究.将海洋水下工程手册经验公式的计算结果与实验结果对比,验证了本方法的有效性.本方法物理意义明显,适用于作机械运动的线性与非线性系统辨识.     

大深度载人潜水器浮力块的结构设计

依据大深度载人潜水器浮力块的使用条件及主要技术性能指标,提出了浮力块的质量和质心坐标的计算方法、布置和分块原则、强度校核标准,并通过对浮力块密度测试和水压试验,测得了浮力块的主要物理性能参数。上述研究结果为浮力块的结构设计、编制我国大深度载人潜水器入级和建造规范中浮力块的结构设计、以及研制同类大深度水下载人/无人潜水器(HOV,ROV,AUV)提供了依据。     

ROV attitude control based on multi-motor cooperative propulsion北大核心CSCD

[目的]为了提高遥控水下航行器(ROV)在复杂水下环境中的姿态控制性能,开展多电机协同推进的ROV姿态控制研究。[方法]首先,针对多电机系统的结构和算法,分别提出一种基于PID速度补偿器的偏差耦合结构和一种新型非奇异终端滑模控制(SMC)算法,并设计一种新颖的基于多电机协同推进的ROV姿态控制方法;然后,建立ROV的运动学和动力学模型,开展推进器组推力建模分析、解耦简化ROV动力学模型研究;最后,设计一种ROV滑模姿态控制器。[结果]仿真结果表明,所提的结构和算法可提高多电机系统的抗干扰性、同步性和快速响应能力,进而提高ROV姿态控制系统的稳定性与鲁棒性。[结论]所提方法可为ROV姿态控制提供一种新的可用方案。     

"海马"号无人遥控潜水器

本文介绍了自主研发、国产化率90%、工作深度达4500 m的"海马"号无人遥控潜水器.首先介绍ROV作业系统构成,描述ROV总体设计,提出核心框架的设计理念,对ROV的电子控制系统进行说明和分析.最后,重点介绍自主研发的ROV控制系统软件,并对该软件的特点进行阐述.自主研发的深海作业型ROV"海马"号,实现关键技术国产化,在海洋科学研究、海底资源调查、水下油气工程、深海救助打捞以及水下军事领域等方面具有重要的价值和战略意义.     

大深度载人潜水器浮力块的加工和安装

介绍了满足大深度载人潜水器要求的浮力块的使用条件和技术要求;根据各类浮力块的组成和工艺性能,提出了浮力块的粘接、机加工和表面处理、以及安装工艺。由于潜水器的载体框架是由钛合金焊接而成,而浮力块是由浮力材料毛坯粘接并经过数控机床加工而成,这样在载体框架和浮力块中由于加工方法的不同,造成了加工精度的不相称,从而导致浮力块安装时二者之间不匹配的矛盾。通过对载体框架和浮力块装配尺寸链的分析和计算,采用极值互换法,成功地解决了浮力块在载体框架上的安装难题,满足了潜水器的安装技术要求。所获得的经验和工艺参数将为深海水下机器人浮力块加工和安装提供依据,为编制我国大深度载人潜水器入级和建造规范提供参考。     

无模型自适应控制算法在ROV定深控制中的仿真

将无模型自适应控制方法应用于ROV(Remote Operated Vehicle)定深控制当中。该控制方案的设计仅利用ROV的垂向推力输入数据和深度输出数据，用动态线性化时变模型替代ROV非线性系统模型，算法中不包含ROV模型及水动力参数信息。因此，解决了ROV因系统复杂，水动力参数难以确定所导致的控制器设计复杂度高，控制效果不理想的问题。为了便于仿真，本文建立含有补偿参数的ROV简化模型，模型仅用于产生系统的I/O数据，不参与控制器的设计。仿真结果表明，在ROV定深控制当中，无模型自适应控制(Model-free adaptive control，MFAC)比PID控制具有更强的抗扰能力。此外，在欠阻尼ROV系统中，基于偏格式动态线性化的无模型自适应控制(partial form dynamic linearization based Model-free adaptive control，PFDL-MFAC)方案相比于基于紧格式动态线性化的无模型自适应控制(compact form dynamic linearization based Model-free adaptive control，CFDL-MFAC)方案具有更好的控制效果。     

基于参数扰动模型的遥控潜水器滑模控制方法

[目的]遥控潜水器(ROV)的运动控制易受到环境和模型参数不确定性因素的影响,难以达到预期控制效果,针对此情况,提出一种基于参数扰动模型的ROV滑模控制方法.[方法]以标准ROV模型为基础,将环境干扰与模型自身参数的不确定性作为模型扰动参数,建立带参数扰动的ROV模型,并对模型进行解耦得到深度方向的控制模型,基于带参数...     

深海采矿船水下设备布放回收工艺

综合考虑复杂的海洋环境和水下设备形式,深入分析深海采矿作业中水下设备布放回收的技术难点和作业效率,开展布放回收系统中的集矿车、中继仓、提升泵和扬矿管等水下设备的配置和布局设计,形成深海采矿船水下设备布放回收工艺。研究结果可为深海采矿船水下设备布放回收系统的设计制造提供参考,为深海采矿船工程应用提供技术支撑。     

基于OpenGL的深海开架式潜水器视景仿真设计

采用虚拟仿真技术,以正在研发的深海开架式潜水器的设计尺寸和数字海底理论为基础,采用基于面向对象数据模型和基于表面三角剖分的方法来构建水下目标的三维空间数据模型。以三角形的空间拓扑关系为基础,利用SolidWorks建模工具和VC++OpenGL图形开发库,实现了深海虚拟环境下的系统仿真。通过水下目标的建模实例,验证了仿真平台的正确性和可行性,该平台还可应用于深海综合调查研究、水下机器人操纵运动控制仿真等领域。     

ROV近底行走装置水平面动力学建模及稳定性分析

针对深海管线埋设ROV底部行走装置——滑撬进行动力学建模与分析。分析滑撬运动过程中的受力,建立动力学模型,通过实验验证模型的适用性。根据5种典型的滑橇外形,制作缩尺度模型,进行泥池中的拖动实验,对实验数据进行分析和对比,选出最优滑橇外形。在ROV近底滑行状态下的三自由度动力学模型基础上,对稳定性进行分析,得出稳定性判据,结果表明合理的滑橇设计能够提高系统的运动稳定性。     

一种模态切换水下机器人设计与模型实验研究

针对现有水下机器人模态(航态)单一的不足,完成了一种新型开架式模态切换水下机器人(MC-ROV)的总体设计方案,提出了ROV浮游与爬行模态切换方法,可实现浮游与爬行清污作业的自由切换,完成了ROV样机的装配,并进行了陆上系统测试、水密性测试、整体平衡实验。在此基础上开展了下水试航实验,实现了视频捕获、直航、回转、潜浮等功能,完成了推进系统的推力测试,测试数据为进一步开展MC-ROV操控性能的研究提供了理论参考和试验数据。     

一种水工结构物检测用ROV的设计与应用研究

介绍了一种用于水工结构物检测的遥控式水下机器人研究方案。探讨了其系统组成、基本功能和工作原理,以工程应用的有效性和实用性为目标,提出了机器人本体结构、探测系统、定位系统、动力系统以及控制系统的设计方案。最后通过实物的水池试验和外场试验,对该ROV具备的水下探测和运行性能进行了检验。     

Environmental causes of the fluctuations of red shrimp (Aristeus antennatus) landings in the Catalan Sea

The fluctuations of catches of the deep-sea shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) were analysed in the 6 ports of Catalonia where production is concentrated, based on monthly landings from 1988 to 2004. The 6 selected ports produced 300 t of red shrimp in 2004, or 80% of the total production in Catalonia. The series for each port showed clear interannual variability, with peaks of production in the early 1990s and more recently from 2001 to 2003. The time periods of the monthly data series, estimated by frequency analysis based on Fourier transform, varied around 7–8 years in the four central ports and 12–13 years in the two northern ports. Additionally, the different curves were not in phase: even in nearby ports, the maximum production is observed in different years. Since the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is an excellent proxy for long-term series of environmental variables, we aimed to explore relationships between the fluctuation of the NAO index and A. antennatus landings in the Catalan Sea. The correlation between the mean annual NAO index and the annual catches in each port was positive and significant with some time lags (from 1 to 3 years). The existence of clear patterns linking the NAO with marine ecological processes has been demonstrated in many studies, but the underlying ecological mechanisms are far from being well understood. The variations in environmental parameters linked to the NAO may act on biological organisms at different levels (individual, population) through physiology (metabolic and reproductive processes) or through trophic relationships, including ecological cascade effects. We propose that NAO-induced environmental variability may enhance food supply to A. antennatus and hence strengthen the reproductive potential of particular year classes, which result in increased catches 1 to 3 years later, although other possible effects of environmental variability on the population dynamics of this species are worth investigating.     

Sasi and Marine Conservation in Raja Ampat,Indonesia

Raja Ampat, Indonesia, possesses the greatest diversity of corals and reef fishes on the planet. The area is a priority for marine conservation for the provincial government, local communities, and major international nongovernmental organizations such as The Nature Conservancy and Conservation International. Traditional marine resource management practices in the region, referred to as sasi, have the potential to support conservation objectives. This article contends that while traditional marine resource management systems may support conservation, they must be reinforced by a supportive social structure and governance system to remain relevant in a rapidly changing world. Two villages in Raja Ampat were studied to gain a better understanding of sasi and how this practice has been affected by cultural, political, and economic change. These villages illustrate how the role of religious authorities, access to alternative livelihoods, proximity to urban centers, and capacity for monitoring and enforcement may influence the effectiveness of marine resource management systems. Our research suggests that the continued relevance of sasi in marine resource management relies on the support of influential local leaders and businesses and government regulations that reinforce traditional resource use practices.     

A conceptual model of the trophodynamical response to river discharge in a large marine ecosystem

Year-class strength in North-East Arctic cod (Gadus morhua), which inhabit the Barents Sea, and commercial landings of juveniles from this population, have been positively correlated with Norwegian meltwater discharge one and three years in advance, respectively. A conceptual model is developed, by empirical data used to investigate how the freshwater signal may be transmitted with time and in space through the food-web. It assumes that interannual variation in discharged volume of meltwater during summer forces planktonic primary production in neritic fronts. The strength of this impulse is transmitted from one organismic system to another, along the north Norwegian shelf, being advected by Calanus finmarchicus, a herbivorous copepod. The population system of this copepod interacts with the survival and growth of juvenile NE Arctic cod, and causes the cod stock size to fluctuate with the strength of the signal. By migration and advection within their respective population systems, NE Arctic cod and C. finmarchicus possibly transmit the freshwater signal on extensive time and space scales, from the Norwegian shelf to distant parts of the Arctic Mediterranean Ecocystem that contains both population systems. Continued empirical research and numerical modelling is needed to develop this theory.     

8A4水下机器人控制系统

简要介绍了我国自行研制的８Ａ４水下机器人的主要特性、技术参数、控制结构等、以及为提高可靠性、可维性、实用性所采取的一系列措施、使之能在海洋工程中应用。     

H∞ control design to include nonlinearities. Second report: nonlinearities in equations of motion

In our first report, a method to deal with the nonlinearity of saturation was proposed. A method of dealing with nonlinearity in equations of motion is proposed in this paper. The nonlinear equations of motion are expressed as variations of linear equations of motion. The nonlinear equations can be linearized around a specific point with a tangential plane or line. Accordingly, nonlinear equations effective in a certain domain can be obtained by variations in this tangential line. A control system with varying elements can be designed using the general H _∞ control theory. As an example, we present a speed and heading changing system for large vessels at low speeds during berthing maneuvers, where the equation will vary during motion. The nonlinearity of the equations is caused by the speeds. The control system is essentially designed to be robust in disturbance and noise. In this example, the saturation in the propeller is also considered using the method proposed in the first report. The results show that the method proposed in this paper is effective. Received: February 20, 2001 / Accepted: December 11, 2001     

Inland transportation system planning by life-cycle impact assessment: a case study. 2nd report: single comparison index

A model to estimate and compare the ecological impact and economic feasibility of a land transportation system (trucks) and a marine transportation system (cargo ships) was developed and presented in a previous report.¹ Three different comparison indices—environmental, economic, and customer service—were used to evaluate and compare their ecological impacts and determine their economic superiority. In this article, a single comparison index is proposed and assessed for the two transportation systems. The estimates were made for nine different routes in Japan. A simple mathematical model of the whole methodology is given. The sensitivity of the weighting factors used in the comparison method was analyzed. The social cost saving in monetary terms through a modal shift is also presented. Received: February 15, 2001 / Accepted: September 19, 2001     

Using a random displacement model to simulate turbulent particle motion in a baroclinic frontal zone: A new implementation scheme and model performance tests

Numerical artifacts can limit accurate simulation of turbulent particle motion when Lagrangian particle-tracking models are implemented in hydrodynamic models with stratified conditions like fronts. Yet, modeling of individual particle motion in frontal regions is critical for understanding sediment dynamics as well as the transport and retention of planktonic organisms. The objective of this research was to develop a numerical technique to accurately simulate turbulent particle motions in a particle-tracking model embedded within a hydrodynamic model of a frontal zone. A new interpolation scheme, the ‘water column profile’ scheme, was developed and used to implement a random displacement model for turbulent particle motions. A new interpolation scheme was necessary because linear interpolation schemes caused artificial aggregation of particles where abrupt changes in vertical diffusivity occurred. The new ‘water column profile’ scheme was used to fit a continuous function (a tension spline) to a smoothed profile of vertical diffusivities at the x–y particle location. The new implementation scheme was checked for artifacts and compared with a standard random walk model using (1) Well Mixed Condition tests, and (2) dye-release experiments. The Well Mixed Condition tests confirmed that the use of the ‘water column profile’ interpolation scheme for implementing the random displacement model significantly reduced numerical artifacts. In dye-release experiments, high concentrations of Eulerian tracer and Lagrangian particles were released at the same location up-estuary of the salt front and tracked for 4 days. After small differences in initial dispersal rates, tracer and particle distributions remained highly correlated (r = 0.84 to 0.99) when a random displacement model was implemented in the particle-tracking model. In contrast, correlation coefficients were substantially lower (r = 0.07 to 0.58) when a random walk model was implemented. In general, model performance tests indicated that the ‘water column interpolation’ scheme was an effective technique for implementing a random displacement model within a hydrodynamic model, and both could be used to accurately simulate diffusion in a highly baroclinic frontal region. The new implementation scheme has the potential to be a useful tool for investigating the influence of hydrodynamic variability on the transport of sediment particles and planktonic organisms in frontal zones.     

复杂形体远程操控水下运载器水动力阻尼模型建模和检验(英文)

In this paper,numerical modeling and model testing of a complex-shaped remotely-operated vehicle(ROV) were shown.The paper emphasized the systematic modeling of hydrodynamic damping using the computational fluid dynamic software ANSYS-CFXTM on the complex-shaped ROV,a practice that is not commonly applied.For initial design and prototype testing during the developmental stage,small-scale testing using a free-decaying experiment was used to verify the theoretical models obtained from ANSYS-CFXTM.Simulation results are shown to coincide with the experimental tests.The proposed method could determine the hydrodynamic damping coefficients of the ROV.