水下亚声速圆盘空化器射弹超空泡流动数值计算方法研究（英文）

To deal with the effect of compressible fluids on the supercavitating flow over the subsonic disk cavitator of a projectile, a finite volume method is formulated based on the ideal compressible potential theory. By using the continuity equation and Tait state equation as well as Riabouchinsky closure model, an "inverse problem" solution is presented for the supercavitating flow. According to the impenetrable condition on the surface of supercavity, a new iterative method for the supercavity shape is designed to deal with the effect of compressibility on the supercavity shape, pressure drag coefficient and density field. By this method, the very low cavitation number can be computed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data and empirical formula. At the subsonic condition, the fluid compressibility will make supercavity length and radius increase. The supercavity expands, but remains spheroid. The effect on the first 1/3 part of supercavity is not obvious. The drag coefficient of projectile increases as the cavitation number or Mach number increases. With Mach number increasing, the compressibility is more and more significant. The compressibility must be considered as far as the accurate calculation of supercavitating flow is concerned.     

超空泡回转体减阻特性研究

基于Fluent 6.0的气泡两相流模型对超空泡回转体的减阻特性进行了数值研究.内容包括:外形对阻力及超空泡形状的影响;超空泡控制;阻力系数随空泡数的变化规律;长细比对减阻率的影响.超空泡减阻机理的研究表明:超空泡不仅可以减小回转体的摩擦阻力,还可以减小回转体的压差阻力.在外形、长细比和空泡数以及工程可实现性等诸多因素中,存在着一个最佳组合,使减阻率最高.     

水下航行体通气超空泡减阻特性实验研究

为了研究超空泡的减阻效果,保证在较低流速下生成超空泡,在水洞中开展了水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究.采用通气的方法在较低水速下生成人工通气超空泡,通过改变通气率和弗劳德数,获得了不同条件下通气空泡的长度,以及不同空泡长度下的模型阻力系数.研究表明,来流速度不变时,空泡长度随通气率的增加而增加,阻力系数随空泡长度的增加先递增后递减;空化器直径对阻力系数的影响较大,在大弗劳德数条件下,阻力系数会因空化器直径过大而出现随通气量的增加而变大的趋势.利用商用软件对超空泡形态及阻力系数作了数值仿真,并与实验结果作了对比,两者符合较好.     

水中超高速射弹可压缩空泡流研究进展

综述了国内外水中超高速可压缩空泡流理论、数值和试验研究的进展。分析了基于势流理论的水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速空泡流的空泡形状及空化阻力计算方法。详述了水中超高速的水、蒸汽、空气多相混合可压缩流数值计算方法及需要解决的关键问题。介绍了水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速试验的研究方法、研究成果及研究趋势。     

圆盘空化器超空泡流动数值模拟方法

为分析来流速度对圆盘空化器产生超空泡的形态,基于粘流理论和有限体积方法,对带有圆盘空化器超空泡航行体流场进行了数值模拟。得到了超空泡形态与航行体速度之间的关系。随着速度的增加,空泡长度逐渐增大。并进一步给出了流场的压力分布云图和速度矢量图。     

空化器几何参数对通气超空泡生成影响的实验研究

为了探索通气超空泡的生成机理和获取形态可控有效减阻的超空泡,文章利用中速可持续通气空泡水洞进行了空化器和通气联合生成超空泡的实验研究.详细分析了通气超空泡的生成和发展过程;给出了空化器直径、空化器线形对通气系数门限值和通气超空泡形态的影响.研究表明,在相同条件下,较大直径空化器模型形成通气超空泡需要的通气系数门限值较低,相应的超空泡尺寸也较大;平头倒角形和圆盘形空化器比圆锥形的形成通气超空泡需要的通气系数门限值低,相同条件下前者形成的超空泡尺寸也较后者大;对于圆锥形空化器,锥角较小的不易形成通气超空泡.文中实验研究结果为水下航行体的空化器合理设计提供了重要的参考依据.     

超空泡航行体楔形舵片流体动力学特性数值模拟

舵片是保证超空泡航行体运动稳定性和控制航行弹道的重要部分。文章基于均质平衡流模型和SST(Shear Stress Transport)湍流模型,计算了单独舵片的流体动力特性,并与试验数据进行了对比,结果符合较好,验证了计算模型的有效性。基于此方法,计算了单独舵片发生空化后在不同操舵状态下的非定常流体动力变化。结果表明,在攻角相同时,操舵状态下舵片的非定常升力系数和定常结果差别不大,而非定常阻力系数大于定常结果,并且操舵速度越快,阻力系数越大。另外计算了舵片发生空化后的流体动力系数,结果显示在攻角相同时,舵片的阻力系数和升力系数均小于其在全湿状态下的结果;在空化状态下,舵片升力系数的斜率小于全湿状态,并且舵片升力系数的斜率是变化的,存在某临界攻角,攻角大于此临界值时,升力系数的斜率减小,而此临界攻角恰好为舵片的吸力面刚刚出现空化时的攻角;操舵状态下舵片的阻力系数和升力系数的变化规律与定常结果一致,但是数值偏小。     

水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究

为了研究超空泡的减阻效果,保证在较低流速下生成超空泡,在水洞中开展了水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究.采用通气的方法在较低水速下(V=7-15 m/s)生成人工通气超空泡,通过改变通气率和弗洛德数,获得了不同条件下通气空泡的长度,给出了通气空泡长度与通气率及弗洛德数的经验公式.研究表明,来流速度不变时,空泡长度随通气率的增加而增加,空泡长度一定时,通气率随弗洛德数的增加而减少;重力场造成了空泡形态的严重不对称,通过比较相同空化数下自然空泡与通气空泡的长度,定量地给出了弗洛德数对通气空泡长度的影响.当Fr=43.74时,重力场对通气空泡长度的影响几乎可以忽略.     

Influence of Ramjets’ water inflow on supercavity shape and cavitator drag characteristic

Water ramjets using outer water as an oxidizer have been demonstrated as a potential propulsion mode for underwater High Speed Supercavitating Vehicles (HSSVs) because of their higher energy density, power density, and specific impulse, but water flux changes the shapes of supercavity. To uncover the cavitator drag characteristics and the supercavity shape of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets, supercavitation flows around a disk cavitator with inlet hole are studied using the homogenous model. By changing the water inflow in the range of 0–10 L/s through cavitators having different water inlet areas, a series of numerical simulations of supercavitation flows was performed. The water inflow flux of ramjets significantly influences the drag features of disk cavitators and the supercavity shape, but it has little influence on the slender ratio of supercavitaty. Furthermore, as the water inlet area increases, the drag coefficient of the cavitators’ front face decreases, but this increase does not influence the diameter of the supercavity’s maximum cross section and the drag coefficient of the entire cavitator significantly. In addition, with increasing water flux of the ramjet, both the drag coefficient of cavitators and the maximum diameter of supercavities decrease stably. This research will be helpful for layout optimization and supercavitaty scheme design of HSSVs with water inflow for ramjets.     

空化器线形与超空泡减阻效果关系研究

利用商业CFD软件Fluent6.0对空化器线形与超空泡形态的关系及其阻力特性进行了数值仿真研究,详细分析了影响超空泡航行体减阻效果的因素和有效控制超空泡形态进行减阻的方法,为优化超空泡形态提供了初步的理论参考依据.仿真与试验结果符合较好.     

Effect of injection angle on artificial cavitation using the design of experiment method

Using the supercavitation phenomenon is necessary to reach high velocities underwater. Supercavitation can be achieved in two ways: natural and artificial. In this article, the simulation of flows around a torpedo was studied naturally and artificially. The validity of simulation using theoretical and practical data in the natural and artificial phases was evaluated. Results showed that the simulations were consistent with the laboratory results. The results in different injection coefficient rates, injection angles, and cavitation numbers were studied. The obtained results showed the importance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in cavity shape. At the final level, determining the performance conditions using the Design of Experiment (DOE) method was emphasized, and the performance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in drag and lift coefficient was studied. The increase in injection angle in the low injection rate coefficient resulted in a diminished drag coefficient and that in the high injection rate coefficient resulted in an enhanced drag coefficient.     

基于均相流输运模型的二维水翼空化模拟

基于均相流输运模型对NACA661-012型水翼进行了空化数值模拟,计算了不同空化数K和不同攻角α下的升力系数与阻力系数.从流场、压力场和边界层的变化分析了空化的产生发展对水翼升力和阻力的影响.当攻角α大于8°以后,空化流动的不稳定性增强,空泡呈现出周期性的生长溃灭,并伴有升力系数和阻力系数的周期性波动.计算结果与实验进行了对比,结果吻合较好.     

超空泡发展过程研究以及对两种研究滑行力方法的评估

采用两流体模型以及DES湍流模型对通气超空泡发展过程以及泡内压力变化规律进行了三维数值仿真。模拟了两种泄气方式:回注射流和双涡管泄气方式。并基于文中数值方法预测通气超空泡方面的能力,对两种研究航行体滑行状态的方法进行了评估:一种方法是在水槽中的定轴俯仰运动,另一种方法是类似于约束模实验的自由俯仰运动,两种方法都采用了网格变形技术。结果表明在相同条件下,后者可以很容易得到超空泡航行体的滑行状态而前者较难获取滑行状态,尽管在水槽中前者更易实现。文中的数值方法可以用来进一步研究滑行状态并给出一些有意义的结论。     

转弯运动通气超空泡形态及流场结构数值研究

超空泡航行体机动过程中空泡形态的预测是目前该领域亟待研究的问题。文章在两流体多相流模型的框架内建立了用于求解通气超空泡流转弯机动的三维数值模型。通过求解RANS方程和SST(Shear Stress Transport)湍流方程,预测了圆盘空化器转弯机动条件下生成的通气空泡形态,并同Logvinovich独立膨胀原理的计算结果进行对比,验证了文中数值模型的有效性。在此基础上,分析了转弯半径对通气空泡的形态尺度的影响,对比研究了不同弗鲁德数条件下通气空泡的流场结构。     

自然空化流动数值模拟中参数取值影响的研究

探索了应用商业软件Fluent6.2进行自然空化计算的方法.通过设定不同气核质量分数对半球头回转体的自然局部空化作了模拟,研究了气核对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过设定边界湍流参数计算了平头回转体的自然超空泡,研究了湍流参数设定对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过对圆盘空化器的超空泡计算,得出结论:气核含量主要影响超空泡尾部形态,湍流参数主要影响空泡尺度.多个算例的计算结果与相应的实验结果以及经验公式计算结果进行了比较,符合良好.     

基于实验设计方法的人工空泡喷射角度影响（英文）

Using the supercavitation phenomenon is necessary to reach high velocities underwater. Supercavitation can be achieved in two ways: natural and artificial. In this article, the simulation of flows around a torpedo was studied naturally and artificially. The validity of simulation using theoretical and practical data in the natural and artificial phases was evaluated. Results showed that the simulations were consistent with the laboratory results. The results in different injection coefficient rates, injection angles, andcavitation numbers were studied. The obtained results showed the importance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in cavity shape. At the final level, determining the performance conditions using the Design of Experiment(DOE) method was emphasized, and the performance of cavitation number, injection rate coefficient, and injection angle in drag and lift coefficient was studied. The increase in injection angle in the low injection rate coefficient resulted in a diminished drag coefficient and that in the high injection rate coefficient resulted in an enhanced drag coefficient.     

超空泡航行体前部线型对空泡生成过程的影响

本文基于航行体超空泡理论和格兰威尔线型设计方法，设计了三种具有不同前部线型的航行体模型．并针对所设计的三种模型和具有锥形前部外型的航行体模型在西北工业大学水洞中进行了前部线形对超空泡生成影响的实验研究．结果表明：超空泡生成速度和空泡成生所需临界通气量与航行体的轴向斜率分布有关，模型表面斜率轴向分布曲线越平坦或变化率越小，越有利于提高空泡的生成速度、减少超空泡生成所需的临界通气量．实验数据显示文中设计的三种格兰威尔前部线型航行体与锥形前部外型航行体相比，生成超空泡所需临界通气量都有明显减小，空泡生成速度有明显提高．文章研究方法为降低超高速航行体超空泡生成所需的临界通气量，提高空泡的生成速度提供了一条技术途径和研究方法．     

Application of dual reciprocity boundary element method to predict acoustic attenuation characteristics of marine engine exhaust silencers

In marine engine exhaust silencing systems, the presence of exhaust gas flow influences the sound propagation inside the systems and the acoustic attenuation performance of silencers. In order to investigate the effects of three-dimensional gas flow and acoustic damping on the acoustic attenuation characteristics of marine engine exhaust silencers, a dual reciprocity boundary element method （DRBEM） was developed. The acoustic governing equation in three-dimensional potential flow was derived first, and then the DRBEM numerical procedure is given. Compared to the conventional boundary element method （CBEM）, the DRBEM considers the second order terms of flow Mach number in the acoustic governing equation, so it is suitable for the cases with higher Mach number subsonic flow. For complex exhaust silencers, it is difficult to apply the single-domain boundary element method, so a substructure approach based on the dual reciprocity boundary element method is presented. The experiments for measuring transmission loss of silencers are conducted, and the experimental setup and measurements are explained. The transmission loss of a single expansion chamber silencer with extended inlet and outlet were predicted by DRBEM and compared with the measurements. The good agreements between predictions and measurements are observed, which demonstrated that the derived acoustic governing equation and the DRBEM numerical procedure in the present study are correct.     

攻角空化器的超空泡形态非对称特性研究

为了满足水下高速超空化航行体运动平衡性和稳定性要求,必须采用非对称超空泡流动模式,采用具有非零攻角的空化器是实现该要求的一种重要策略.基于冲量定理,理论分析了非零攻角空化器引起的超空泡轴向变形量随轴向长度的关系,获得了空化器攻角对超空泡非对称性及其影响因素之间的定性和定量关系,其一阶近似与同类文献的结论是一致的,数值模拟表明了所得结论的合理性和分析的正确性.研究表明,非零攻角空化器引起的超空泡轴线变形量与沿空泡长度的距离呈线性规律增加,并在空泡尾部达到最大,不可能单独利用空化器攻角沿空泡长度来中和重力影响.     

小攻角下水下高速航行体超空泡流特性研究

为研究小攻角下水下高速航行体超空泡形态及水动力特性,利用商业CFD软件Fluent6.2,对小攻角下高速航行体超空泡流进行数值模拟,分析了空化数、攻角对水下高速航行体空泡形态以及水动力特性的影响规律.研究表明,攻角为能够明显改变空泡形态的轴对称性;攻角越大,航行体的阻力系数也增大,不利于超空泡的减阻,甚至会导致航行体的失稳.研究结果将为开展水下高速航行体超空泡实验研究提供理论参考.