VNT在中型柴油机上应用试验研究

在中型高压共轨柴油机上安装可变喷嘴截面涡轮增压器(VNT),研究其对柴油机动力性、经济性影响。加装EGR系统,研究VNT对EGR率提升以及对排放的改善影响。最后,初步进行了VNT+EGR的控制试验研究。     

VNT和EGR耦合对柴油机性能及排放特性影响的试验研究

针对VNT-EGR技术在国六柴油机上的应用,研究了VNT与EGR耦合对柴油机经济性和排放特性的影响规律。通过VNT与EGR开度的正交试验,并结合喷油参数进行与柴油机的优化匹配。研究结果表明:VNT增压器与EGR同时工作时,EGR开度增加导致可利用的排气能量降低,增压器的效率向低效率区域移动,减小VNT开度可改善这一现象;相同EGR开度下,减小VNT开度可以提高柴油机的空燃比,在炭烟排放水平相同的条件下,可以实现更大的EGR率,进一步降低NO_x比排放,炭烟与NO_x的总体排放水平有所降低,燃油消耗率随VNT开度的减小呈先降低后升高的趋势,是泵气损失与缸内燃烧状况共同作用的结果;VNT与EGR开度的正交优化大幅度降低了NO_x比排放,烟度与油耗有所上升,但低速大负荷的经济性会有所改善,配合喷油参数优化,可以在满足NO_x原排的条件下,经济性最优。     

进气管内EGR分布的CFD模拟计算

对于采用EGR技术路线的多缸柴油机,EGR在各缸均匀分布可以确保燃烧质量,降低裸机排放。建立了某六缸国ⅣEGR柴油机进气管三维模型,采用一维和三维模拟软件相结合,对EGR在进气管内的分布进行了流动机理的模拟分析,评估了EGR各种导入方案以及进气管相关零部件结构设计对EGR和空气混合的影响。对模型进行了CFD稳态计算,研究了4种节气门位置对EGR和空气混合的影响。     

不同大气压下增压柴油机的EGR试验研究

随着海拔高度的增加,大气压力降低,导致柴油机的过量空气系数减小;柴油机在进行EGR后,过量空气系数减小的幅度增加,使得柴油机的各项工作特性参数发生不同程度的变化。使用内燃机大气模拟综合系统,初步探索了柴油机运行在不同海拔下进行EGR后,其经济性和烟度的变化规律,为今后在高原地区运行的柴油机采用EGR以及EGR技术的进一步研究提供了初步依据。     

基于enDYNA的柴油机瞬态EGR控制硬件在环仿真平台研究

为实现试验台模拟增压柴油机瞬态EGR控制,基于CY6D180柴油机和enDYNA建模软件设计了硬件在环仿真平台。通过典型工况下的模型验证以及仿真平台与台架试验的EGR优化结果分析,表明该仿真模型平均误差不超过10%,可辅助试验台架进行稳态EGR优化标定试验。通过该仿真平台的瞬态进气量跟踪测试表明,跟踪曲线的平均超调量在5%左右,且瞬态响应调节时间短,该平台可有效模拟CY6D180柴油机的瞬态响应特性。     

VGT-EGR替代方案控制策略的实现

基于柴油机VGT-EGR系统的控制原理,提出了由电子节气门(ETC)—可变废气控制系统(VEC)联合控制替代VGT单独控制并结合EGR系统进一步降低柴油机排放的方案,建立了能够模拟多缸单体泵柴油机运行并通过芯片内部程序对其执行器进行控制的在环仿真试验平台,制取了不同工况下的循环油量MAP图,研究并制订了ETC,VEC和EGR系统的控制策略,并通过在环仿真试验验证了控制策略的可行性。     

EGR率和初始燃空当量比对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响研究

引入初始燃空当量比的概念——柴油机进气系统引入废气前的燃空当量比,即生成废气再循环系统中的废气的燃空当量比。采用CFD技术建立了某柴油机发动机模型及其燃烧模型,通过该模型算得的压力曲线与实际压力曲线较吻合,验证了模型的正确性;通过对该模型的模拟,分析了EGR系统中EGR率和初始燃空当量比对柴油机燃烧性能和排放性能的影响规律。     

满足未来排放要求的轿车用柴油机关键技术

对当今世界轿车柴油机满足未来排放和性能的关键技术进行了剖析;比较全面地介绍了电控高压共轨、电控泵喷嘴系统、VNT、4气门技术、EGR、燃烧系统和排气后处理等工作原理以及对柴油机性能的影响,并分析了改善柴油品质和实现柴油机轻量化等技术措施对整车性能的影响。指出在轿车柴油机的开发中可综合考虑各种因素,充分发挥各种技术措施的作用。     

双流量EGR率测量系统开发

利用科里奥利力式回流废气质量流量计和层流式进气流量计构建了双流量实时EGR率测量系统.在EGR阶跃工况下测量了EGR率响应特性并与传统的CO2示踪法进行了对比,二者在稳定段测得的EGR率相近,同时双流量EGR率测量系统响应时间(约为0.7 s)与系统本身响应时间相近,表明该双流量EGR率测量系统可实现EGR率的实时、高精度测量.针对该系统存在的问题及拟解决方案进行了探讨.     

乙醇HCCI发动机工作区域的模拟研究

应用0-D单区HCCI发动机模型耦合乙醇氧化反应详细化学动力学机理,对乙醇HCCI发动机的工作区域进行了模拟研究。确定了由过量空气系数(φa)和EGR率表示的HCCI工作区域,分析了工作区域内的排放性能、动力性能以及指示热效率。研究结果表明,在无EGR的工况下,从a=3.2到φa=8.5乙醇可以实现HCCI燃烧,φa<3.2时,出现爆震,必须加入EGR才能抑制爆震燃烧,最大的EGR率达到52%。在HCCI工作区域内,NOx排放较低,最大排放为140×10-6,CO排放较高,φa和EGR率对其影响很大。工作区域内的热效率较高,最大可达到34%,指示平均有效压力受EGR的影响较大,最大峰值达0.5 MPa。     

Nonlinear dynamic modeling of an electro-pneumatic pressure converter for VGT pneumatic actuator

This paper presents a detailed physical model of an electro-pneumatic system, used to control Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGT). The VGT actuator system consists of two parts, a diaphragm based pneumatic actuator and a solenoid based Electro-pneumatic Pressure Converter (EPC). The proposed model copes with the pressure dynamics inside the pneumatic actuator, with special focus on the EPC. The dynamics of both parts have been modeled separately and combined into one model by parameterizing the effective flow area and the air mass flow through the pneumatic actuator. The variations in volume, temperature and air mass flow rate have been taken into account. The model so obtained serves mainly for studying the effect of actuator dynamics on the global engine system. For control purposes, the detailed model is simplified to reduce the calculation load. Both models are validated using experimental data obtained from an engine test bench.     

Power Requirement of Active Vibration Control Systems

The paper deals with the theoretical estimation of the minimal power requirement, necessary for the operation of the active vibration control system (AVCS), connected with a passive one. It is assumed this compound system is used for the vibration control purposes in the heavy vehicle driver's seats. The systems considered in the paper are of two kinds. In the first case the electro-hydraulic actuator of the AVCS is situated in series to the spring-damper combination of the seat suspension. The second system under consideration is formed by parallel connection of electro-pneumatic actuator and the spring-damper combination of the seat suspension, which is a mechanical model of a real air spring with controlled in-flow and out-flow of the air. The comparison of results for both compound systems shows markedly higher power consumption of the serial system. The theoretical results are in acceptable agreement with the experimental data.     

Power Requirement of Active Vibration Control Systems

SUMMARY

The paper deals with the theoretical estimation of the minimal power requirement, necessary for the operation of the active vibration control system (AVCS), connected with a passive one. It is assumed this compound system is used for the vibration control purposes in the heavy vehicle driver's seats. The systems considered in the paper are of two kinds. In the first case the electro-hydraulic actuator of the AVCS is situated in series to the spring-damper combination of the seat suspension. The second system under consideration is formed by parallel connection of electro-pneumatic actuator and the spring-damper combination of the seat suspension, which is a mechanical model of a real air spring with controlled in-flow and out-flow of the air. The comparison of results for both compound systems shows markedly higher power consumption of the serial system. The theoretical results are in acceptable agreement with the experimental data.     

顺序增压系统液压转换装置结构设计与评估试验研究

针对某增压柴油机,设计了一种带有液压执行机构转换装置的顺序增压系统,并通过台架试验评估该系统的性能。试验结果表明,带液压执行机构的顺序增压转换装置具备流量调节能力,可实现受控增压器的"寄存",进气阀和排气阀由自编的控制程序根据设定的开闭规律动作,在试验过程中工作稳定。     

消防车电控翻转踏板系统的研制

消防车电控翻转踏板系统,是应消防员对消防车上下车方便性的需求而设计开发的,该系统由电控系统、供气系统、翻转踏步(驱动机构、活动踏板及机械翻转机构)组成。车身控制器监测到车门打开时,驱动电磁阀工作,使得气源中的气体推动翻转执行机构动作而展开翻转踏板;当车身控制器监测到车门关闭时,停止驱动电磁阀,切断气源中的气体输出,翻转执行机构收起翻转踏板。     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant controller synthesis for a steer-by-wire vehicle using independently driven wheels

In this paper, a synthesis method for a reconfigurable fault-tolerant control system for use in a steer-by-wire vehicle is proposed. The vehicle considered in this paper is also assumed to have independently driven wheels. The control objective in this work is to enable the vehicle yaw rate to track the reference signal even when the steering actuator breaks down. Since the vehicle yaw rate can be controlled with either the front wheel turn angle or the yaw moment generated by the independently driven wheels, this system has actuator redundancy. We attempt to design a control system that manages this actuator redundancy so that the performance degradation due to the actuator failure is minimised. We utilise a control allocator based on on-line optimisation for managing the actuator redundancy. The fault-tolerant control system with a control allocator has several excellent properties. For example, the method can handle various failure situations. Also, since the control allocation problem is reduced to a convex quadratic programming problem, the on-line computational effort is relatively little. However, so far, it has been unclear whether the stability of the control system with the control allocator is guaranteed when the actuator failure occurs. Therefore, we propose a design method of a fault-tolerant controller based on on-line optimisation that guarantees the stability of the overall system. The effectiveness of the method is established through numerical examples.     

基于CMAC与PID的电磁执行器并行控制

设计了以DSP56F807为核心的柴油机电磁执行器控制系统,提出了电磁执行器CMAC与PID复合控制算法,在MATLAB/SIMULINK下进行了电磁执行器控制仿真,通过控制试验验证,此方法可以取得令人满意的控制效果。     

线控制动系统防抱死特性模糊控制方法的仿真研究

作者研究分析了直接影响汽车行驶安全性能的汽车制动系统的重要组成部分,阐述了以油或空气作为传力介质的传统制动系统必将被全电的制动系统——线控制动系统所取代,线控制动系统是未来制动系统的发展方向。介绍了线控制动系统的分类、结构和工作原理;建立了线控制动系统和制动执行器的数学模型,以1/4车辆模型为研究对象,设计了模糊控制器,并在Matlab/Simulink下进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明,模糊控制对线控制动系统的防抱死特性取得了理想的控制效果。     

Heavy-duty vehicle modelling and longitudinal control

This paper addresses modelling, longitudinal control design and implementation for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The challenging problems here are: (a) an HDV is mass dominant with low power to mass ratio; (b) They possess large actuator delay and actuator saturation. To reduce model mismatch, it is necessary to obtain a nonlinear model which is as simple as the control design method can handle and as complicated as necessary to capture the intrinsic vehicle dynamics. A second order nonlinear vehicle body dynamical model is adopted, which is feedback linearizable. Beside the vehicle dynamics, other main dynamical components along the power-train and drive-train are also modelled, which include turbocharged diesel engine, torque converter, transmission, transmission retarder, pneumatic brake and tyre. The braking system is the most challenging part for control design, which contains three parts: Jake (engine compression) brake, air brake and transmission retarder. The modelling for each is provided. The use of engine braking effect is new complementary to Jake (compression) brake for longitudinal control, which is united with Jake brake in modelling. The control structure can be divided into upper level and lower level. Upper level control uses sliding mode control to generate the desired torque from the desired vehicle acceleration. Lower level control is divided into two branches: (a) engine control: from positive desired torque to desired fuel rate (engine control) using a static engine mapping which basically captures the intrinsic dynamic performance of the turbo-charged diesel engine; (b) brake control: from desired negative torque to generate Jake brake cylinder number to be activated and ON/OFF time periods, applied pneumatic brake pressure and applied voltage of transmission retarder. Test results are also reported.     

Heavy-duty vehicle modelling and longitudinal control

This paper addresses modelling, longitudinal control design and implementation for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The challenging problems here are: (a) an HDV is mass dominant with low power to mass ratio; (b) They possess large actuator delay and actuator saturation. To reduce model mismatch, it is necessary to obtain a nonlinear model which is as simple as the control design method can handle and as complicated as necessary to capture the intrinsic vehicle dynamics. A second order nonlinear vehicle body dynamical model is adopted, which is feedback linearizable. Beside the vehicle dynamics, other main dynamical components along the power-train and drive-train are also modelled, which include turbocharged diesel engine, torque converter, transmission, transmission retarder, pneumatic brake and tyre. The braking system is the most challenging part for control design, which contains three parts: Jake (engine compression) brake, air brake and transmission retarder. The modelling for each is provided. The use of engine braking effect is new complementary to Jake (compression) brake for longitudinal control, which is united with Jake brake in modelling. The control structure can be divided into upper level and lower level. Upper level control uses sliding mode control to generate the desired torque from the desired vehicle acceleration. Lower level control is divided into two branches: (a) engine control: from positive desired torque to desired fuel rate (engine control) using a static engine mapping which basically captures the intrinsic dynamic performance of the turbo-charged diesel engine; (b) brake control: from desired negative torque to generate Jake brake cylinder number to be activated and ON/OFF time periods, applied pneumatic brake pressure and applied voltage of transmission retarder. Test results are also reported.