市际出行交通方式选择行为研究

以荷兰奈梅亨市居民市际交通出行调查数据为基础,分析居民出行特征,建立binary logit模型定量分析影响居民出行方式选择的主要因素,并借助BIOGEME、SPSS软件对出行方式选择模型参数进行标定。分析结果表明:车外时间、车内时间、出行目的是影响出行交通方式选择的主要因素,并提出相关城市交通规划管理对策。     

基于潜在类别模型的网约车用户市场细分

为深入理解网约车用户出行需求,使用潜在类别模型对网约车用户进行市场细分。选取网约车使用频率、出行特征相关属性以及个人社会经济属性等影响因素对网约车选择行为建模,使用效率实验设计法生成意向偏好问卷,在成都市开展了实地调查。模型标定结果表明:在通勤和非通勤场景下,将网约车用户细分为四类最合适,两个场景下的市场结构比例均约为5:2:2:1。性别、月收入、时间、费用、网约车使用频率、私家车使用权等是对网约车用户进行市场细分的重要依据。     

上海浦东国际机场陆侧交通出行特征分析

本文详细分析了浦东国际机场旅客特征和陆侧交通出行特征,并重点阐述了旅客陆侧交通出行方式选择的影响因素。最后结合机场旅客出行意愿调查分析,为浦东国际机场陆侧交通完善提出建议。     

汽车消费者出行意愿调查与时间价值分析

为探求目前小汽车使用频率较高不下的内在原因,本文设计调查问卷和情景卡并进行实施,分析汽车消费者在不同出行目的、出行距离和收入水平下的时间成本。研究成果从出行成本、出行费用、出行时耗方面探讨了汽车使用消费中存在的社会效益问题。     

出行距离与特大城市外围大型社区居民出行——以上海市为例

近十年我国特大型城市位于城市外环以外的大型居住社区引发了很多交通问题。本文以2012年上海市外围五处大型居住社区居民出行距离为研究对象,详细对比分析了社区区位、周边交通及公共服务设施、居民出行方式等因素与居民出行距离的关系,并分通勤交通和非通勤交通两种方式进行了详细对比。研究发现,通勤交通出行距离与其距离市中心距离成正比,且选择公共交通出行的比例较高。非通勤交通出行距离主要与社区周围公共服务设施水平成反比,公共服务设施服务水平越高则出行距离越短。同时,居民出行距离越长,选择公共交通出行的比例越高;若社区周边设有大型购物娱乐设施可有效减少以购物和休闲娱乐为目的的出行距离。     

气象灾害下公共交通乘客的出行方式选择

随着全球气候变暖,近几年气象灾害频发,对以公共交通出行为主的大城市交通系统影响严重。以城市常见的台风、暴雨为研究背景,建立多元Logit模型,对公共交通乘客的出行选择行为进行预测,得出费用、途中时间和换乘次数三个决策变量对出行选择行为有负效应,其中,途中时间是最主要的影响因素,乘客倾向于选择时间和速度有保证性的地铁方式出行。同时为公共交通管理部门在应急预警方案的制定方面,提供了理论支持,具有较强的现实意义。     

山区公路平纵线形组合设计要点分析

文章介绍了山区公路线性组合设计中的原则,分析了山区公路平纵线形组合设计的影响因素,并将平面线形和纵断面线形设计指标应用到实际工程案例中,合理选择最佳线形组合设计方案,在保证公路施工质量的基础上,构建山区公路立体线形结构,确保交通出行安全。     

基于Logistic-SEM的西安市公共自行车出行行为分析

本文以西安市公共自行车系统为研究对象,利用开放性数据平台以及问卷调查数据分析公共自行车使用者属性与出行行为之间关系。通过构建Logistic-SEM模型发现,学历、年龄、性格、健康状况、有无汽车是影响居民使用公共自行车的显著性因素。按照重要度排序为:年龄有无汽车健康状况学历性格;其次,构建了可用于预测西安市居民是否会选择公共自行车作为出行方式的Logistic模型。同时,由于居民自身属性的不同在出行目的、骑行路线和使用公共自行车出行原因上存在差异,总的来说,居民属性是影响出行行为的根本,出行目的是出行行为选择的关键。     

基于Kirchhoff分布方程的轨道交通多方式接驳选择解析

轨道交通出行与多种出行方式有效衔接，不仅能充分发挥轨道交通的运输能力，且可以有效利用低碳、环保的出行工具。通过建立接驳方式选择模型，可以研究接驳方式选择概率与多要素之间的关系。本文以厦门市为例，研究使用Kirchhoff分布方程建立接驳方式选择模型，并考虑综合出行成本对选择概率的影响，该方法具有考虑各接驳方式综合成本相对差异、计算简单的优势。结果表明：该方法能够较好地分析轨道交通站点的接驳方式选择，合理推导出站点周边接驳出行选择概率与出行距离的关系，能够一定程度反映接驳需求的空间分布。     

出行即服务(MaaS)的定义及发展概述

正出行即服务关注的是服务而不是方式,关键的概念是:将用户(出行者和货物)放在运输服务的核心,为他们提供基于个人需求的量身定制的出行解决方案。出行即服务(Mobility as a Service)是最近几年来在全球交通运输领域逐渐流行起来的一个新概念(关于出行)、一种新现象(新的行为与技术)、一套新方案(整合不同交通方式和出行服务),这个术语是芬兰     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

站场完整性管理技术研究

管道完整性管理技术已经基本实现了工业化应用,然而站场完整性管理作为管道系统完整性管理的一部分还没有引起足够的重视,但是站场完整性管理很重要。介绍了基于资产完整性管理（AIM）的站场完整性管理技术概念及特点;接着对比了国内外的发展差距,重点介绍了站场完整性技术核心方法;最后指出了国内开展站场完整性管理发展的方向。     

Crash analysis at intersections in the CBD: A survival analysis model

Enhancing the safety level of urban roads especially in CBDs is paramount. Due to a large number of intersections in what is usually a grid road system in the CBDs, we investigate crashes occurring in and around an intersection. The question of interest in this study is: does the nature of crashes at intersections differ from those of the roads at midblock? Stated more precisely, considering the intersection as a reference point, does the distance to the reference point (i.e. midblock locations on the roads) correlate with different types of crashes compared to that of the intersection? A right answer can lead traffic engineers and safety auditors to propose different safety measures at intersections and the midblock locations. As a pilot study, we collected the last 9 years crash data of the CBD of Melbourne, Australia. For the first time, we employ Survival Analysis models -including Exponential, Weibull, and Log-logistic- to investigate a space-dependent phenomenon (i.e. accidents at proximity to the intersection). Of the outcome, highlights are: (i) police presence at busy intersections during busy night outs and weekends highly improves the pedestrian safety (ii) raised crossings at midblock locations lower likelihood of crashes of pedestrians as well as cars, (iii) lighting conditions at intersections must be watched and kept at a high level. (iv) Severity, likelihood, and location have no known association with the level of congestion. In other words, safety is first, always and everywhere. The results can be of interest to traffic authorities and policy makers in reinforcing traffic calming measures in the cities. The codes developed in this study are made available to the research community to be used in further studies.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Quality indicators and capacity calculation for RoRo terminals

Abstract

Road freight transportation has increased dramatically over recent years along with its impacts such as congestion, noise, and pollution. As a result, European and US governments have started policies to promote alternatives to road transportation, such as logistic chains containing a Short Sea Shipping (SSS) link. Road is, by definition, a more flexible means of transportation than shipping, which is usually cheaper. Therefore, to move traffic to SSS chains, it is necessary to provide fast, frequent, and reliable maritime transportation. In this sense, roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) vessels are the most convenient ships to be used, since they have smaller dwell times in port and, therefore, this is a kind of traffic likely to increase dramatically. The foreseeable increase of this kind of traffic must meet with an increase in the actual capacity by means of either improvement in performance and possible enlargements of existing terminals or the construction of new terminals. In that sense, this paper proposes a simple methodology to calculate the capacity of a RoRo terminal, whether already in operation or during its design process, and relate it to some quality standards by means of quality indicators, which should lead to the definition of Levels of Service similar to those already used in roads and airports. The paper ends by applying the methodology to a real terminal in Barcelona, Spain.     

Use of a novel dataset to explore spatial and social variations in car type,size, usage and emissions

The ’MOT’ vehicle inspection test record dataset recently released by the UK Department for Transport (DfT) provides the ability to estimate annual mileage figures for every individual light duty vehicle greater than 3 years old within Great Britain. Vehicle age, engine size and fuel type are also provided in the dataset and these allow further estimates to be made of fuel consumption, energy use, and per vehicle emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The use of this data permits the adoption of a new vehicle-centred approach to assessing emissions and energy use in comparison to previous road-flow and national fuel consumption based approaches. The dataset also allows a spatial attribution of each vehicle to a postcode area, through the reported location of relevant vehicle testing stations. Consequently, this new vehicle data can be linked with socio-demographic data in order to determine the potential characteristics of vehicle owners.This paper provides a broad overview of the types of analyses that are made possible by these data, with a particular focus on distance driven and pollutant emissions. The intention is to demonstrate the very broad potential for this data, and to highlight where more focused analysis could be useful. The findings from the work have important implications for understanding the distributional impacts of transport related policies and targeting messaging and interventions for the reduction of car use.     

Patchwork in an interconnected world: the challenges of transport networks in Sub-Saharan Africa*

Sub-Saharan Africa has recently undergone, or still do in many countries, a period of transport infrastructure expansion. Current policies are centred on the development of international links, which require large capital-intensive projects and are sometimes economically dubious. This paper reviews the past policies and transport functions since colonial times by placing them in their economic and political context. We find that present strategies have similarities to the ones prevailing in previous periods, where expansion phases dominated by transport-led economic growth theories were followed by a stagnation of Africa’s infrastructure development. In view of the challenges in translating findings from empirical research into right policies, we identify the potential of more balanced and sustainable strategic investments, notably by reinforcing the existing secondary transport networks converging into urban centres.