R134a与R1234yf汽车制冷系统的充注量及性能试验研究

随着环保法案的实施,我国汽车空调制冷剂将由普遍使用的R134a切换成R1234yf或其他制冷剂,本文通过搭建系统台架,对比了R134a工质和R1234yf工质作为汽车空调系统的制冷剂加注量的差异,分析了加注量差异的原因。同时测试出了两种工质制冷系统的制冷性能差异。试验结果显示:硬件系统及试验条件相同情况下,两种工质作为制冷剂,R1234yf相比R134a性能衰减在2.8%～7.8%。本文还进行了整车电池侧制冷试验,在环境模拟仓内进行高温快充,考察电池冷却回路中冷却液的换热功率,对比了两种工质的制冷系统对电池冷却回路的制冷性能,结果显示:相同工况下R134a的制冷能力更佳,系统COP更高,台架试验结果与整车试验结果较吻合。     

汽车空调R1234yf制冷系统概览

正入夏以来,持续出现30℃以上的高温,全球范围内汽车空调占所有空调系统的40%。欧盟排放法规2006/40/EC对汽车空调制冷剂有新要求:自2017年起,在欧盟市场销售的所有新车必须使用R1234yf制冷剂。汽车空调中使用生态友好型制冷剂将会显著减少温室气体的排放。R1234yf制冷剂有下列优点:1.专门为汽车空调系统设计;2.提供的制冷容量和能量效率可以达到R134a制冷剂的技术参数;3.适用于全球所有气候区域;4.符合全球环保标准;5.全     

新型制冷剂在伟世通汽车空调系统中的应用

作为领先的汽车零部件供应商，伟世通具有精深的空调系统专长和广泛的产品开发能力，在新型制冷剂方面既能提供支持传统R134a制冷剂的空调系统，也能提供支持新型的R1234yf和R744制冷剂而设计的零部件和系统解决方案。     

欧盟汽车空调制冷剂之争

<正>欧盟自2013年1月开始淘汰R134a制冷剂,到2017年,在欧洲生产和销售的所有车辆都必须采用不会严重加剧温室效应的R1234yf制冷剂。KBA去年11月的最终报告仍确认不能排除新型制冷剂的危险性。戴姆勒以此为由,要求德国机构允许该公司在到2016年为止的过渡期继续在新车型上使用R 134a制冷剂。     

汽车空调从R12系统改装成R134a系统

现在大部分汽车都使用R134a环保型制冷剂,但还有一部分汽车使用R12制冷剂。如何把汽车空调从R12系统改装成R134a系统呢?下面就介绍一种经济、快速把汽车空调从R12系统改装成R134a系统的方法:1.回收原汽车空调中的R12制冷剂;2.卸下压缩机,将压缩机里冷冻油清除干净,并重新加入足     

霍尼韦尔在美斥资扩大HFO－1234yf汽车制冷剂产量

霍尼韦尔前不久宣布，将携同主要供应商斥资约3亿美元，用以提升HFO-1234yf的产能。HFO-1234yf是一款全球变暖潜值（GWP）低于1的新型汽车制冷剂。与目前使用的HFC－134a相比，新制冷剂的GWP值降值高达99.9％，甚至低于二氧化碳制冷剂的GWP值。     

大众ID.4智能空调和热泵系统解析(上)

<正>大众ID.4纯电动汽车的智能空调和热泵系统使用电动空调压缩机，一汽大众ID.4 CROZZ和上汽大众ID.4 X标准版空调都使用R134a制冷剂，选装版热泵空调使用二氧化碳R744制冷剂。由于R134a是目前国内汽车空调应用最广泛的氢氟碳化物制冷剂，全球升温潜能值（GWP）高达1 430，对其进行削减替代是实现碳达峰、碳中和等目标的关键步骤，主要替代品是二氧化碳R744或R1234yf等制冷剂。制冷剂的型号铭牌位于前机舱内，R134a制冷剂型号铭牌位置如图1所示，二氧化碳R744制冷剂型号铭牌位置如图2所示。     

新闻

<正>霍尼韦尔HFO-1234yf汽车制冷剂安全性受欧盟认可霍尼韦尔近日宣布,欧盟委员会的顶级科研与技术机构得出结论,证实霍尼韦尔的新型低全球变暖潜值汽车制冷剂HFO-1234yf可安全地用于汽车,这标志着该产品的有效性经过彻底而详尽的评估过程而获得最终认可。HFO-1234yf是一种用以替代目前使用的汽车空调制冷剂——HFC-134a的高效、安全、有效之选,如今已被广泛应用于汽车行业。目前已有超过50万辆的汽车正安全使用HFO-1234yf,预计到2014年底,这一数字有望超过200万辆。第三方数据显示:如果在全球范围广泛采用HFO-1234yf,所减少的温室气体量相当于永     

丰驰系列汽车冷媒R134a

制冷剂又叫冷媒、雪种，目前车用制冷剂主要有R12和R134a两种。R12是一种普通制冷剂，含有破坏臭氧层的物质——氯，而且在明火下会生成对人体有害的物质，我国汽车工业总公司于1992年发文规定，到2000年各汽车厂都不得再把R12作为新车的空调制冷剂，原有车辆的空调制冷剂也必须逐步地由R12改为R134a。     

空调系统制冷剂渗漏常见成因分析

汽车空调多采用蒸气压缩式制冷,使用的制冷剂有R12、R134a、JLG134a等,目前以使用R134a的较为广泛。由于是蒸气压缩式制冷循环,在闭环连接（如图1所示）的器件管道中制冷剂存在一定的压力,所以使渗漏成为可能。     

制冷剂/压缩机油与PA6的相容性研究

采用红外光谱分析和热重分析研究了不同规格PA6(聚酰胺6或尼龙6)的区别,不同规格PA6的红外谱图有细微区别,PA6在350℃之前的热失重量不同,可见其增塑剂等小分子的含量不同,这不但影响PA6的耐热老化性能,还会明显影响PA6的挤出工艺和使用性能。通过PA6在制冷剂、压缩机油、制冷剂/压缩机油等介质中的热老化测试和测试后试样的热重分析,对比了不同PA6的体积变化和热失重曲线,结果表明不同规格的PA6与制冷剂/压缩机油等介质的相容性不同。同一规格的PA6在不同的制冷剂/压缩机油中体积变化不同,R1234yf/POE(2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯/多元醇脂)体系中体积变化率最小,并且在不同的制冷剂/压缩机油共混体系对PA6性能的影响中制冷剂起决定性作用。     

二甲醚用作汽车空调制冷剂的实验研究

根据二甲醚的热物理性质对二甲醚的制冷循环性能进行了分析,并在R134 a汽车空调系统上对二甲醚的制冷性能进行了测试。结果表明:由于二甲醚的气相和液相黏度都比较小,使用二甲醚作为制冷剂可以减小系统的阻力,有利于系统制冷性能的提高。二甲醚可以直接灌注式替代R134 a,但会造成蒸发器出口过热度降低,需对膨胀阀弹簧预紧力进行调整,才能充分发挥二甲醚的制冷性能。     

基于双有机朗肯循环的 CNG 发动机余热回收系统参数优化及工质选择

为了充分利用 CNG 发动机的余热能量,根据 CNG 发动机的余热能分布特性设计了双有机朗肯循环系统,用来回收 CNG 发动机的排气能量、进气中冷能量以及冷却系统具有的能量。该双有机朗肯循环系统包括高温循环和低温循环,高温循环采用 R245fa 作为工质,用于回收 CNG 发动机排气能量;低温循环分别采用 R245fa , R1234ze 和 R1234yf 作为工质,用于回收进气中冷能量、高温循环冷凝过程中释放的能量以及发动机冷却系统的能量。在 CNG 发动机标定工况下,对双有机朗肯循环系统的参数敏感度进行了分析。结果表明：较高的高温循环蒸发压力和低温循环蒸发温度,较低的高温循环冷凝温度和低温循环冷凝温度可以提升双 ORC 系统的净输出功率和热效率;高、低温循环均选择 R245fa 的方案可以使系统具有较优的热力学性能。     

Experimental study on performance of automotive air conditioning system using R-152a refrigerant

Recently, as climate changes have manifested worldwide, every country is making efforts to prevent ozone depletion and global warming. In the automotive industry, R-134a refrigerant is widely used in air conditioning systems because it has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP). Unfortunately, its global warming potential (GWP) is high. Therefore, alternative refrigerants are needed as a replacement for R-134a. R-152a is considered to be one of the better alternative refrigerants due to zero ODP and low GWP. In this paper, the performance of an automotive air conditioning system using R-134a and one using R-152a are compared experimentally at the bench level. The experimental apparatus simulated a real automotive air conditioning system consisting of a cabin and engine room structure. The cooling capacity, condensing capacity, coefficient of performance (COP) and power consumption characteristics of the automotive air conditioning system are evaluated by changing the air velocity entering the condenser and the compressor rotation speed with the optimized refrigerant charge amount. Also, the performance of the R-152a system was investigated by changing the thermostatic expansion valve which is set of values. The results of this study show that the R-152a system is slightly better than the R-134a system, not only under driving conditions but also under idling condition. R-152a refrigerant thus shows promise as an alternative refrigerant to replace the current standard, R-134a, in automotive air conditioning systems.     

THRO1a制冷剂在汽车空调中替代R12的研究

THRO1a制冷剂是一种绿色环保型产品，从制冷剂性质要求方面分析了THRO1a替代R12的可行性。通过对比试验可看出，在不对汽车空调系统做任何改动的情况下，用THRO1a替代R12，制冷能力与原R12系统相当。实车替代对比试验证明，THRO1a替代R12后，在制冷效果方面基本相同或略有改善。     

Performance of air conditioners with a gas-liquid separation condenser and one-tank laminated evaporator

In this study, a parallel flow condenser and laminated evaporator for an automotive air-conditioning system were modified to improve performance. Gas-liquid separation type condensers, in which the condenser and receiver drier are integrated, and one-tank laminated type evaporators were developed, and their performances were investigated experimentally using HFC-134a. Heat transfer characteristics in the condenser are examined by means of air temperature, air velocity entering the condenser and inlet pressure of the refrigerant; heat transfer characteristics in the evaporator are examined by means of air temperature, relative humidity, flow rate of air, outlet pressure of refrigerant and superheat. Pressure drops for both evaporator and condenser are also measured, and correlations for pressure drop are derived for the condenser and evaporator, respectively. Air velocity and mass flow rate of the refrigerant have a significant effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient, and flow pass is not significantly influenced by the cooling capacity of the condenser. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the evaporator increases as air flow rate, air temperature and relative humidity increases.     

ECE R29-02和ECE R29-03法规对商用车驾驶室结构要求的对比分析

对比分析了欧洲商用车被动安全现行法规ECE R29-02及其修订案ECE R29-03的异同,将已进行实车试验并满足ECE R29-02法规要求的某重型商用车驾驶室作为研究对象,通过仿真计算得到了该商用车在ECER29-03中的性能表现.定性提出了ECE R29-03对结构的考核重点和加强纵梁及A柱强度,并适当增加前端结构吸能能力等满足新版法规要求的一系列结构改进措施.     

Analysis of the performance of the evaporator of automotive air conditioning system

The purpose of this research was to establish a theoretical model for the evaporator of automotive air conditioning system and conducting simulations to evaluate the effect of operation parameters, environmental conditions, and design parameters on the performance of evaporator. An automotive air conditioning system primarily consists of four components: the compressor, the condenser, the refrigerant controller, and the evaporator. The refrigerant flow in the evaporator can be divided into two regions: the evaporating region and the superheat region. The refrigerant in the first region is a two-phase flow, while the refrigerant in the latter region is in the state of superheated vapor. The air flowing through the interior of the evaporator can also be divided into two zones: the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. Water vapor is condensed in the saturated zone while in the unsaturated zone, no water condenses. Because the refrigerant flow and the airflow are perpendicular to each other, the distribution of refrigerant in the evaporating region and the superheat region does not coincide with the distribution of air in the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone. This study examines the effects of different design parameters, environmental conditions and operating parameters on the cooling capacity and superheat of an air conditioning system. Design parameters include the length of the refrigerant channel, the length of the air channel, and the thickness of the fins. Environmental conditions include the air inlet temperature and absolute humidity. Operation conditions include the refrigerant inlet enthalpy, inlet air flow rate, and refrigerant mass flow rate. Results of simulation demonstrated that fins with 50 micron meters width has the greatest cooling capacity for identical outer dimensions; thicker or thinner fins only decreased cooling capacity. Under different outer dimensions, longer refrigerant tubes and air channels created a greater cooling capacity. However, the increase in cooling capacity becomes less and less if the refrigerant flow was fixed because the heat transfer capability of the gaseous refrigerant was limited. In this study, an increase of 19% in cooling capacity can be reached as the length of refrigerant channels was increased, and the increased length of the air channels can promote the cooling capacity by 22%. Besides, it was found in this study that a decrease in the refrigerant inlet enthalpy, the inlet air flow rate, the air inlet temperature, and the inlet absolute humidity, or an increase in the refrigerant mass flow rate, would extend the superheat region and decrease the refrigerant’s superheat. It was also found that the cooling capacity of air conditioners is extremely sensitive to changes in the refrigerant mass flow rate and the inlet enthalpy, and variations more than 50% were found in the operating ranges examined in this study. However, changes in the inlet temperature, absolute humidity, and inlet air flow rate only resulted in variations between 10% and 20% in the examined ranges of conditions. Finally, a correlation among these variables and the simulated cooling capacity was obtained in this study, enabling the relevant researchers to evaluate automotive air conditioning performance under different environmental conditions and operation parameters more easily.     

基于压缩式制冷技术的多年冻土保护方法研究

冻土退化及路基融沉病害是中国多年冻土区交通工程面临的关键障碍。基于制冷技术，提出一种更具实时性和有效性的多年冻土保护方法。通过多年冻土制冷需求分析、制冷方法对比、驱动源供应方法分析，提出太阳能光伏驱动压缩式制冷的节能方案。设计一款路基专用的一体化制冷系统，并从资源性、技术性、经济性等角度论证其实用性。研究结果表明：压缩式制冷系统的输出性能与结构形式可以有效应对多年冻土退化的大深度分布特征和冷负荷要求。青藏高原等多年冻土区的太阳辐照量充足，基于光伏发电技术可以解决路基沿线制冷驱动力的分散供应难题，太阳能制冷具有地域、季节匹配性好的优势。制冷组件包括压缩机、蒸发器、冷凝器和节流器等，其中功能部件蒸发器的结构形式为立式柱状螺旋形盘管。制冷系统可以预设不同的制冷温度和启停间隔，技术性和经济性条件良好。试验结果表明：装置在正温环境下的制冷温度约为-14℃，地层冷却半径在3.0 m以上；有效制冷系数随着周围土体温度的减小而逐渐降低，平均值在0.41以上。所提出的太阳能光伏压缩式制冷系统可为多年冻土区路基建设和运营保障提供一种新方法。     

ECE R58后下部防护认证装置统一规定的解读

为防止行驶中小车追尾大货车的情况发生,欧洲经济委员会对此做出了相关法律规定,即ECER58《后下部防护认证装置统一规定》。文章介绍了ECER58法规的内容和要求,描述了与此法规相关的加载试验内容和试验步骤,联系实际,对如何确保设计符合试验要求进行了相关说明。试验结果符合认证要求,为汽车后防护的设计安装和相关试验提供了参考。