国际海运温室气体减排趋势及对我国的影响

本文回顾了国际社会关于温室气体减排的谈判进程。介绍了国际海运温室气体减排的现状和特征，分析了IMO对国际海运温室气体减排的立法趋势及其可能对我国造成的影响，提出了相应的参考建议。     

国际海运温室气体减排可实施措施及发展趋势

本文介绍了国际海运温室气体减排由来及国际组织所采用的对策，同时探讨了可实施的减排措施和进行了减排措施发展趋势的分析，为我国海运的温室减排提供参考．     

海运温室气体排放MRV规则对我国海运业影响与对策研究

近年来,国际海运业温室气体排量与日俱增,日益严峻的气候问题随之而来。结合全球海运温室气体排放现状,介绍欧盟海运温室气体排放的MRV规则,对比国内温室气体排放的监测手段,探究欧盟海运温室气体排放MRV规则对我国航运业的影响,针对国内温室气体排放监测体系提出意见和建议。     

中国国际海运船队温室气体排放测算研究

为估算中国国际海运船队温室气体的排放状况,对联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）提出的“自下而上”以及“自上而下”排放量估测方法进行分析,表明海运温室气体排放量取决于海运业燃油消耗量以及燃油的排放因子,燃油消耗量与海运船舶的活动频率以及船舶能效有关。提出基于船舶装机总量以及基于船舶活动强度的两种估算方法。结果表明,1990~2007年间,中国国际海运船队二氧化碳排放量平均年递增7.6%,而同期全球国际海运温室气体排放平均年递增3.7%。中国应积极研究相关措施以控制中国国际海运船队二氧化碳排放量的不断增长。     

国际海运温室气体排放交易机制框架

文中介绍了国际温室气体减排的背景以及排放交易的概念和现状，分析了国际海运温室气体排放交易机制的设计要素、可能存在的主要问题以及发展趋势，并为我国在此方面的；住备工作提出了建议。     

IMO 2023年船舶温室气体减排战略全面引领新未来

<正>MEPC80会议通过了2023减排战略,明确了中期政策,进一步推进国际海运减排进程。国际海事组织(IMO)海上环境保护委员会第80届会议(MEPC 80)于2023年7月3日至7日在英国伦敦召开,此前一周还背靠背召开了第15次船舶温室气体减排会间工作组会议。经过两周密集审议磋商,会议最终通过了“2023年船舶温室气体减排战略”,这在国际海运温室气体减排进程中具有里程碑意义。此外,会议还进一步明确了中期减排措施的政策方向,     

国际海运温室气体（GHG）减排浅析

以《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC）为主要背景简要介绍全球温室气体排放现状、相关机制及面临的问题,进而对国际海事组织（IMO）在海运温室气体排放方面所采取的措施加以分析,最后结合国情对我国海运温室气体减排提出参考建议。     

电池推进船最新研发动向

国际海运是造成全球温室效应的主要因素之一。为此，IMO在2011年7月对新造船舶的单位运输能力对应的温室气体排放量进行了规定，通过了MARPOL公约附则VI的修改案并在2013年开始实行。MARPOL公约本身是以大型船舶为对象，但是对小型船舶的温室气体排放量的控制也是必须的。欧美国家湖泊区域较多，它们禁止采用内燃主机的船舶，而推行电池推进船的使用。     

全球LNG船市场新格局

<正>供需的地域差异决定了LNG海运贸易的必然性和不断增大的发展性。国际海事组织在2018年发布国际海运温室气体减排初步战略,明确了到2050年,国际海运业温室气体年度排放总量比照2008年度排放总量的最低降幅(即50%)。据Woodmac公司预测,2019～2020年,全球船舶液化天然气(LNG)燃料使用量将增加70%,取代当前全球船舶每天约10万桶船用燃料的需求。美国能源部预测,到2020年美国将     

欧盟海运温室气体减排政策合法性

为更好地应对温室气体减排趋势下我国海运业面临的新挑战,在研究《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》以及世界贸易组织规则等国际法规的基础上,对欧盟委员会单方面规制海运温室气体减排政策是否具有合法性进行分析,从而为我国相关主管部门和相关行业从国际及国内两方面准备应对之策提供法律参考。     

船舶温室气体减排规则的发展与应对

温室气体排放已成为全球关注的热点。文章介绍了船舶温室气体减排规则的发展进程以及新船能效设计指数的出台和影响,并对减排措施进行了探讨,着重阐述了采用气体燃料这一措施的减排效果。     

Future cost scenarios for reduction of ship CO2 emissions

International shipping is a significant contributor to Global Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for approximately 3% of global CO₂ emissions. The International Maritime Organization is currently working to establish GHG regulations for international shipping and a cost effectiveness approach has been suggested to determine the required emission reductions from shipping. To achieve emission reductions in a cost effective manner, this study has assessed the cost and reduction potential for present and future abatement measures based on new and unpublished data. The model used captures the world fleet up to 2030, and the analysis includes 25 separate measures. A new integrated modelling approach has been used combining fleet projections with activity-based CO₂ emission modelling and projected development of measures for CO₂ emission reduction. The world fleet projections up to 2030 are constructed using a fleet growth model that takes into account assumed ship type specific scrapping and new building rates. A baseline trajectory for CO₂ emission is then established. The reduction potential from the baseline trajectory and the associated marginal cost levels are calculated for 25 different emission reduction measures. The results are given as marginal abatement cost curves, and as future cost scenarios for reduction of world fleet CO₂ emissions. The results show that a scenario in which CO₂ emissions are reduced by 33% from baseline in 2030 is achievable at a marginal cost of USD 0 per tonne reduced. At this cost level, emission in 2010 can be reduced by 19% and by 24% in 2020. A scenario with 49% reduction from baseline in 2030 can be achieved at a marginal cost of USD 100 per tonne (27% in 2010 and 35% in 2020). Furthermore, it is evident that further increasing the cost level beyond USD 100 per tonne yield very little in terms of further emission reduction. The results also indicate that stabilising fleet emissions at current levels is obtainable at moderate costs, compensating for fleet growth up to 2030. However, significant reductions beyond current levels seem difficult to achieve. Marginal abatement costs for the major ship types are also calculated, and the results are shown to be relatively homogenous for all major ship types. The presented data and methodology could be very useful for assisting the industry and policymakers in selecting cost effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions from the world fleet.     

Cost-effectiveness assessment of CO2 reducing measures in shipping

International shipping is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and is under mounting pressure to contribute to overall GHG emission reductions. There is an ongoing debate regarding how much the sector could be expected to reduce emissions and how the reduction could be achieved. This paper details a methodology for assessing the cost-effectiveness of technical and operational measures for reducing CO₂ emissions from shipping, through the development of an evaluation parameter called the Cost of Averting a Tonne of CO₂-eq Heating, CATCH, and decision criterion, against which the evaluation parameter should be evaluated. The methodology is in line with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and with regulatory work on safety and environmental protection issues at the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

The results of this study suggest that CATCH <50 $/tonne of CO₂-eq should be used as a decision criterion for investment in emission reduction measures for shipping. In total, 13 specific measures for reducing CO₂ emissions have been analysed for two selected case ships to illustrate the methodology. Results from this work shows that several measures are cost effective according to the proposed criterion. The results suggest that cost effective reductions for the fleet may well be in the order of 30% for technical measures, and above 50% when including speed reductions. The results of this study show that the cost effectiveness approach for the regulation of shipping emissions is viable and should be pursued in the ongoing regulatory process.     

EEDI给中国造船业带来的挑战

基于国际海事组织（IMO）限制温室气体排放（GHG）条约,阐述了船舶能效设计指数（EEDI）的概念,其计算公式中各项参数的含义及降低EEDI值的途径,重点指出EEDI的出现对我国造船业带来的影响及挑战。船舶采用经济航速是最为有效的节能减排的方式,但对营运商不是最佳选择,故而研发低碳燃油等优化技术成为当下最为重要的任务。船舶能效设计指数的强制实施在短期内对我国造船业造成了一定的冲击,但是长远看会进一步推进我国造船业进行深入的技术改造,从而提高中国船舶企业的综合竞争实力。     

Barriers for adoption of energy efficiency operational measures in shipping industry

According to the Third Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Study 2014 of International Maritime Organization (IMO), the total emission in 2012 are estimated to be 949 million tonnes which is 2.7% of global CO₂ emission by total shipping and expected to increase from 2012 levels by 50–250% by 2050. Significant changes are needed to all industry by implementation of energy efficiency design and operational measures to meet existing and future global emission reduction targets. Although the fuel cost-reducing effects of some energy efficiency measures and new technologies are well established and matured, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt them. Besides, it is observed that the stakeholders are directly or indirectly involved for implementation of energy efficiency measures in shipping industry. Therefore, the objective for this study was to identify the barriers to energy efficiency operational measures by a qualitative survey among various stakeholders from all corners of shipping industry. It has been found in the research that the barriers for implementation of all cost-free operational measures are almost the same such as lack of information of the measure, lack of awareness and competence of ship crews and operation difficulties which are in nature of information and technical barriers. But financial issue and owner’s interest are the key barriers for some other operational measures which are related to costing and need investment for implementation.     

Environmental awareness and practice concerning maritime air emissions: the case of the Greek shipping industry

One of the most urgent environmental problems facing the shipping industry today is the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from its operations and the possible cost-effective ways in which this reduction could be accomplished. Various technical and operational measures have been proposed as well as market-based instruments for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with these measures. This paper investigates the levels of environmental awareness of the Greek shipping companies and their views and practices on the proposed policies for the reduction of GHG emissions from their ships. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire distributed to Greek shipping companies of different sizes, involved in different segments of the marine industry, so that the survey's results not only represent a large part of the Greek shipping industry but also reveal the different environmental attitudes and practices on maritime GHG emissions among the shipping companies. Given the size and the importance of the Greek shipping industry in the international maritime field, this paper's results present a special significance as they could be further analyzed and taken into account for the achievement of the compliance of marine industry with any future policy instrument for the reduction of maritime GHG emissions.     

The effects of slow steaming on the environmental performance in liner shipping

The environment issue is one of the significant challenges that the liner shipping industry has to face. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from existing vessels by 20–50% by 2050 and develop the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI) as a measure for energy efficiency. To achieve this goal, IMO has suggested three basic approaches: the enlargement of vessel size, the reduction of voyage speed, and the application of new technologies. In recent times, liners have adopted slow steaming and decelerated the voyage speed to 15–18 knots on major routes. This is because slow steaming is helpful in reducing operating costs and GHG emissions. However, it also creates negative effects that influence the operating costs and the amount of GHG emissions at the same time.

This study started with the basic question: Is it true that as voyage speed reduces, the operating costs and CO₂ emissions can be reduced at the same time? If this is true, liners will definitely decelerate their voyage speed themselves as much as possible so that they can increase their profits and improve the level of environmental performance. However, if this is not true, then liners will concentrate just on increasing their profits by not considering environmental factors. This led the authors to set out three objectives: (1) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the amount of CO₂ emissions and to estimate the changes by slow steaming in liner shipping; (2) to analyze the relationship between voyage speed and the operating costs on a loop; and (3) to find the optimal voyage speed as a solution to maximize the reduction of CO₂ emissions at the lowest operating cost, thus satisfying the reduction target of IMO.     

Thermodynamic analysis of alternative marine fuels for marine gas turbine power plants

The marine shipping industry faces challenges to reduce engine exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases (GHGs) from ships, and in particular, carbon dioxide. International regulatory bodies such as the International Maritime Organization and National Environmental Agencies of many countries have issued rules and regulations to drastically reduce GHG and emissions emanating from marine sources. This study investigates the possibility of using natural gas and hydrogen as alternative fuels to diesel oil for marine gas turbines and uses a mathematical model to assess the effect of these alternative fuels on gas turbine thermodynamic performance. Results show that since natural gas is categorized as a hydrocarbon fuel, the thermodynamic performance of the gas turbine cycle using natural gas was close to that of the diesel case. However, the gas turbine thermal efficiency was found to be slightly lower for natural gas and hydrogen fuels compared to diesel fuel.