含裂纹及腐蚀损伤FPSO结构剩余极限强度评估方法研究

裂纹及腐蚀损伤对于浮式生产储油卸油装置（FPSO）结构来说难以避免，这将削弱结构的极限强度，所以研究含裂纹及腐蚀损伤FPSO结构的剩余极限强度意义重大。目前针对裂纹及腐蚀损伤联合作用下FPSO结构剩余极限强度的研究相对欠缺，本文采用非线性有限元分析方法，研究了不同腐蚀及裂纹损伤组合形式下FPSO结构剩余极限强度的衰减规律。结果表明，腐蚀与裂纹损伤均导致极限强度线性衰减，并且腐蚀损伤对极限强度的影响远大于裂纹损伤。研究结果对FPSO结构的设计、维护与延寿具有一定的参考价值。     

海上采油平台桩腿同时存在腐蚀与疲劳损伤时的寿命预测

介绍了在海水腐蚀环境中的疲劳寿命试验,给出了试验得出的S-N曲线及da/dN-△K曲线,得出了服役海上平台的桩腿的疲劳损伤计算方法.考虑了海水中的均匀腐蚀损伤及点蚀损伤,给出了这些腐蚀损伤的计算方法.根据疲劳与蚀损伤的综合评价,给出了桩腿寿命的预测方法.     

腐蚀影响下深海平台系泊锚链疲劳损伤评估

由于海洋环境的强腐蚀性,海洋工程结构腐蚀成为其疲劳损伤评估的重要影响因素。结构疲劳与腐蚀耦合作用机理复杂,往往需要借助试验和实测数据进行研究,但这些方法周期长、成本高且干扰因素众多,实现难度大。该文用锚链直径损失表征其逐年腐蚀效应,基于时域疲劳计算方法和常用腐蚀模型,探讨了腐蚀要素对某半潜式平台系泊锚链疲劳损伤的影响规律,可为实际工程设计提供理论指导和参考依据。     

考虑腐蚀损伤的FPSO船体结构强度LC演变特性

在建立全船有限元模型的基础上,基于腐蚀模型完成各服役年限模型的更新,并使用自主开发的软件,依据规范,对浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading,FPSO)船体结构进行屈服强度与屈曲强度的直接计算。结果表明,在生命周期(Life Cycle,LC)内各年限船体结构强度计算结果均满足规范值。受腐蚀损伤影响,FPSO船体结构的屈服利用因子与屈曲利用因子逐渐增加;随服役时间增加,二者增长趋势逐渐加快。研究结果对FPSO的设计、维护与延寿具有一定的参考价值。     

氯离子侵蚀下钢筋混凝土结构腐蚀与防护的探讨

处于海洋或撒“除冰盐”环境下的钢筋混凝土结构,由于结构周围环境中氯离子通过结构砼保护层渗透集聚于钢筋表面并对结构钢筋造成腐蚀损伤,将影响结构的安全性及耐久性。基于以上原因,对钢筋混凝土结构在氯离子侵蚀下腐蚀的原因及破坏特征进行重点分析,并介绍了几种防护新技术。     

船舶结构时变可靠性分析的一种非线性腐蚀模型

疲劳和腐蚀是削弱船舶结构强度的两大重要因素。由于这两个因素都是随时间渐变的，因此考虑这两个因素的可靠性分析称为时变可靠性分析。在时变可靠性分析中，腐蚀模型起着十分重要的作用。本文在对现有腐蚀模型进行比较的基础上。提出了适用于船体结构时变可靠性分析的一种非线性腐蚀模型。该模型可以较好地模拟钢结构在腐蚀环境下的腐蚀损伤过程，并且作为它的特例，能包容文献中提到的几种主要腐蚀模型。在此基础上，把腐蚀增长处理成随时间变化的随机变量，应用时变方程预报了一个平板单元的可靠性，并与用现有腐蚀模型预报的结果进行了比较。     

钢筋混凝土构件正截面腐蚀疲劳验算问题研究

本文概述了钢筋混凝土受弯构件腐蚀疲劳复杂的工作状态，分析了混凝土和钢筋材料的腐蚀疲劳破坏及其产生的原因，探讨了腐蚀疲劳钢筋混凝土受弯构件正截面验算方法的基本问题。针对破坏形态、极限状态、破坏准则等方面的问题提出了基本的观点，给出了确定的方法和原则。对腐蚀和疲劳共同作用造成的材料劣化，提出了量化的方法。修正了构件的几何参数，确定了混凝土边缘最大压应力和钢筋允许疲劳幅值的计算原则，给出了腐蚀疲劳的计算模式及其相关的参数计算方法。     

海洋工程钢结构腐蚀防护的研究进展

钢结构在海水中腐蚀损伤具有复杂性和多样性的特点,对其进行研究存在一定的挑战性。针对海洋工程装备的腐蚀问题,对钢结构在海水中的腐蚀机理、防腐寿命预测和评估进行概述。对比涂料防腐技术、金属涂层防腐技术、电化学防腐技术发现:国外有严格的国家环保法规,国内环保立法滞后,尤其涉及到高压低温环境中应用困难。     

考虑腐蚀磨损的锚链疲劳损伤评估方法

由于风浪流联合作用和海洋平台的周期性往复运动,系泊锚链受到交变循环载荷作用易发生疲劳破坏,同时系泊锚链遭受严重的腐蚀和链间磨损作用,其强度逐渐减弱,因此提出一种系泊锚链全生命期考虑腐蚀和磨损的疲劳损伤评估方法.首先,根据实际海况完成系泊锚链全生命期的损伤演变计算;然后,使用各损伤模型采用热点应力法计算得到热点处应力集中系数;最后,根据张力时程曲线和链间转角时程曲线,采用雨流计数法完成疲劳损伤评估.计算结果表明,腐蚀和磨损导致锚链疲劳损伤程度逐渐加剧.提出的评估方法具有优良的实用价值和工程意义.     

舰船密闭空间的大气腐蚀研究

假设腐蚀速率主要受润湿时间、盐分含量和温度三个因素影响，对船舶密闭空间的大气腐蚀进行了研究。假定大气腐蚀主要受阴极过程控制，采用一次近似计算得出大气腐蚀速率与温度和盐度均成线性关系，这与实验数据一致。提出一个方程来预测船舶密闭空间，如货舱和压载水舱等空间在每一航程的大气腐蚀速率。提出的影响因素和假设模型为未来单一类型的船舶腐蚀，即为密闭空间大气腐蚀的概率模型提供了一个切入点。     

An overview of maintenance management strategies for corroded steel structures in extreme marine environments

Maintenance is playing an important role in integrity management of marine assets such as ship structures, offshore renewable energy platforms and subsea oil and gas facilities. The service life of marine assets is heavily influenced by the involvement of numerous material degradation processes (such as fatigue cracking, corrosion and pitting) as well as environmental stresses that vary with geographic locations and climatic factors. The composition of seawater constituents (e.g. dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature content, etc.) is one of the major influencing factors in degradation of marine assets. Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of maintenance management strategies can have a significant impact on operational availability and reliability of marine assets. Many research studies have been conducted over the past few decades to predict the degradation behaviour of marine structures operating under different environmental conditions. The utilisation of structural degradation data – particularly on marine corrosion – can be very useful in developing a reliable, risk-free and cost-effective maintenance strategy. This paper presents an overview of the state-of-the-art and future trends in asset maintenance management strategies applied to corroded steel structures in extreme marine environments. The corrosion prediction models as well as industry best practices on maintenance of marine steel structures are extensively reviewed and analysed. Furthermore, some applications of advanced technologies such as computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), artificial intelligence (AI) and Bayesian network (BN) are discussed. Our review reveals that there are significant variations in corrosion behaviour of marine steel structures and their industrial maintenance practices from one climatic condition to another. This has been found to be largely attributed to variation in seawater composition/characteristics and their complex mutual relationships.     

Reliability analysis of ovalized deep-water pipelines with corrosion defects

The accurate assessment of the remaining strength of corroded pipes is a subject that has been increasingly investigated over the past decades. This is because of the risk of significant social, economic, and environmental effects that may be caused by an accident. The finite element method has been successfully used to predict the collapse pressure considering external load. It was also used in this study. The literature primarily focused on the corroded pipes subjected to internal pressure. In this study, the out-of-roundness (ovalization) of the pipe was considered to evaluate the collapse pressure. Uncertainties should be incorporated into a computational model to assess the reliability of corroded pipes. Three methods for evaluation of the probability of failure were used: the first-order reliability method (FORM), traditional Monte Carlo (MC), and a new proposed methodology that combines MC results with the kernel density estimation method (MCkde). The probability of failure of ovalized corroded pipes subject to external pressure was computed. The results exhibited a good agreement between FORM and MCkde method. The statistical importance of each random variable was observed and the results were compared with those from intact ovalized pipes. The computation cost of the MC method with numerical simulation limits its use to the application under study. Solutions using the FORM and MCkde methods exhibited good agreement with those of the full MC method. However, the computational effort of the latter was independent of the stochastic dimension, and it was a derivative-free method. As expected, in general, the solutions based on empirical methods were conservative.     

考虑腐蚀影响的船舶结构可靠性研究现状与展望

对近年来考虑腐蚀影响的船舶结构可靠性计算各主要研究层面的研究现状做了介绍与评述.通过这一综述可以发现:此领域研究工作重心已由考虑线性、非线性均匀腐蚀的影响逐步向局部腐蚀尤其是点腐蚀方向转变.今后的研究重点为以下三个方面,即:①发展符合基本腐蚀机理、与实测腐蚀数据较为吻合的点腐蚀多指标模型;②确定蚀点几何参数在各类荷载条件下对构件强度的影响;③深入评估腐蚀与疲劳的相互作用对结构可靠性计算的影响.     

A computational investigation of the effects of both-sides general corrosion on the buckling/plastic collapse behaviour and strength of stiffened plates

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the post-buckling behaviour and ultimate strength of imperfect corroded stiffened steel plates used in ships and other marine-related structures. A series of elastic–plastic large deflection finite element analyses is performed on stiffened steel plates suffering general corrosion wastage with random distribution. General corrosion is introduced into the finite element models using a random thickness surface model. The effects of corroded stiffened plate parameters on the post-buckling and ultimate strengths are evaluated in detail. The stiffeners of different symmetrical or unsymmetrical cross-sections are introduced into the models for analysis. Some distinctions are explored and highlighted between the behaviours of steel plates suffering general corrosion in unstiffened and stiffened cases. Finally, a proposal is given in order to simulate the average stress–average strain relationship of stiffened steel plates having both-surface general corrosion wastage.     

Long-term inter-link wear of model mooring chains

Chains usually form the upper part of moorings systems used for maritime structures such as floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessels, increasingly employed in the offshore oil and gas industry particularly in very deep waters. Current design rules do not differentiate between corrosion and inter-link wear. Laboratory experiments are described to determine the rate of wear of model (i.e. small-scale) mooring chains for up to 200,000 wear cycles. Various axial loadings and specific angular displacement were used with testing under either dry or wet conditions and for un-corroded and corroded chain. The results show that tensile force has a significant but non-linear effect on the inter-link wear. The amount of wear is similar for un-corroded and for corroded chains and is lower in wet conditions.     

结构可靠性分析中结构能力统计特征的正确确定

在船舶结构界可靠性方法已得到越来越广泛的应用，在进行现有船舶的可靠性分析或对新船制订可靠性设计规范时，必须要首先确定能力与载荷的统计特征，在已发表的文献中，用于确定结构能力统计特征的方法甚至基本概念并不十分统一，本文旨在对有些概念和方法作一澄清。两类随机变量必须要区分开，即基本随机变量和从属随机变量，对于从属随机变量统计特征的确定，本文介绍了一种精确高效的确定其均值和标准差的方法，本文还对一些不正确步骤以及忽略某些信息带来的后果进行了讨论，归纳出了一些可供参考的结论。     

随机导管架平台结构动力可靠性及灵敏度分析

基于Kriging模型和一次二阶矩方法对具有随机参数的导管架平台结构动力可靠度进行了分析.首先根据首次超越破坏准则建立了随机结构动力可靠度的隐式功能函数表达形式.然后通过有限元分析得到用于隐式功能函数近似的Kriging模型,进而求得可靠度指标.最后根据可靠度对随机参数均值和标准差的灵敏度公式,分析了导管架平台可靠度对各随机变量的敏感性,并得出了一些有益于工程设计、参数优化和精度控制的结论.     

考虑检测维修更新的船体梁时变可靠性分析

目前对服役期内船舶时变可靠性的分析,主要考虑疲劳和腐蚀这两类损伤随时间累积对剖面模数的影响,但很少考虑检测维修因素对损伤的修复作用.本文以某疏浚船为例,通过Matlab软件编程,以船体梁总纵强度为分析对象,建立极限状态方程,定量计算疲劳和腐蚀随时间对剖面模数造成的折减,并定量分析了疲劳裂纹和腐蚀板件检测维修的影响,对船舶的时变可靠性进行分析.计算结果表明,疲劳裂纹和腐蚀损伤随时间累积均会引起船体梁时变可靠度降低,且腐蚀是时变可靠度降低的主要因素;对裂纹和腐蚀板件的检测维修能恢复船舶的可靠度,时变可靠度恢复的效果与裂纹检测精度和腐蚀板件最小允许折减量比率有关.建议在后续研究中将对损伤的检测维修因素纳入分析.     

轴向载荷下多平面DT型管节点应力集中系数概率模型研究

应力集中系数作为一个随机变量,对管节点及导管架平台的疲劳可靠性评估结果有着重要影响。文章以多平面DT型管节点为研究对象,建立了352个几何参数不同的三维管节点有限元模型,并分析了沿弦管-撑管焊缝处的应力集中系数分布。采用密度直方图描述最大应力集中系数统计样本的特征,利用疲劳可靠性分析中常用的几种概率分布进行拟合。各个概率模型中的参数通过极大似然估计方法得到。根据卡方检验的结果对比发现,Birnbaum-Saunders分布是最适合的概率模型。因此,文中提出一组适用于描述在轴向载荷即单向轴向和平衡轴向载荷作用下多平面DT型管节点弦管侧和撑管侧最大应力集中系数分布的概率模型,对今后导管架式海洋平台结构的疲劳可靠性分析具有重要意义。     

考虑荷载作用下抗力时变特性的沿海钢筋混凝土结构可靠度分析

针对海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构破坏影响因素复杂的特点,建立了荷载作用下的氯离子侵蚀模型和钢筋锈蚀率模型;将钢筋混凝土构件的抗力和作用荷载均视为随机过程,并离散为设计基准期内服从某种分布的随机变量,通过改进的一次二阶矩法计算结构的可靠度指标,建立了荷载作用下考虑构件抗力时变特性的海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构可靠度分析方法。通过高桩码头的算例说明了该方法的可行性,研究了荷载作用对结构耐久性和承载力寿命的影响。