Coupled heat and mass transfer analysis of NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O falling film absorption on inner tube surface with low solution flow rates

NH₃-H₂O falling film absorption usually takes place with low solution flow rate in real absorption refrigeration system. An experimental study of inner vertical absorption is carried out for the consideration of air-cooling absorber. Variable working conditions are tested to evaluate the heat and mass transfer performances.The traditional evaluation method based on log-mean-temperature（concentration） difference is criticized for its lack of theoretical basis while simultaneous heat and mass transfer process occurs. A new method proposed by Kim and Infante Ferreira is modified to evaluate the experimental results with reasonable assumptions. The method is based on the derivation of coupled heat and mass transfer differential equations of NH₃-H₂O absorption process.The analysis of the same experimental data shows that the new method realizes better consistency with smaller error, especially in heat transfer aspect. Heat and mass transfer performance is enhanced with the increase of solution Reynolds number. Sub-cooling of inlet weak solution also has positive influence on the absorption process,which should be evaluated by the new method correctly. Two correlations are developed to evaluate both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers for the design of air-cooling absorber.     

无接触网供电车辆电磁-热场耦合计算

无接触网供电技术在城市轨道交通中的应用受到越来越广泛的关注，大功率无接触电能传输的实际应用还有许多问题需要论证，其中电磁感应导致的涡流发热问题引起人们的普遍重视. 依据电磁感应原理和传热学，建立无接触网供电车辆感应加热模型，采用有限元法计算无接触网供电车辆热场分布，对不同载荷工况下的车辆的发热情况进行数值仿真，并对采用散热器和风冷两种散热方式的接收线圈的散热性能进行对比研究. 研究结果表明:接收线圈和转向架温度升高明显；随着发射线圈电流增加以及气隙距离的减小，车辆各个部位的温度都有上升趋势；装有散热器的接收线圈最高温度比不含散热器时降低了126.0 ℃，通过改变散热器的传热系数能进一步提高散热器的散热性能；采用风冷散热方式接收线圈温度降低了131.2 ℃，与散热器相比，风冷的散热性能略好，且随着风速增加风冷效果更加突出.      

Control strategy research of a selective catalytic reduction system for heavy-duty application

An AdBlue dosing control strategy of the selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system is developed for a heavy-duty diesel(HDD) engine. The strategy includes a raw emission prediction model, an ammonia(NH_3)coverage prediction model, a transient heat hysteresis correction algorithm, an NH_3 leakage control model for transient operation conditions, and a feedback controller(FBC). FBC has been developed by using mathematical manipulation to change output signal of sensor based on cross-sensitivity of nitrogen oxide(NO_x) sensor to NH_3.The quantification of control parameters is based on experiments and Nyquist stability criterion. FBC is enabled in most test conditions to satisfy the stability requirements. NOxconversion(DeNO_x) efficiency of SCR system is 82.4% in European steady-state cycle(ESC) test and 80.3% in European transient cycle(ETC) test, while the leakage of NH_3 is under 10-5 volume fraction in average.     

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL MODELS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER PROCESS IN SATURATOR

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Characteristics of new-type energy absorber for vehicle collision

A new type energy absorber was introduced, which is composed of thousands of thin ring plates with different diameters. Because it can switch the impact to thousands of shearing actions among thin ring plates inside the absorber, the impact energy is decentralized and dissipated gradually, the impact acting time is extended and the peak of acceleration is reduced obviously. Numerical simulations by finite element method (FEM) coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method were preformed to predict the energy absorption characteristics. Energy absorption ability with different impact velocities was studied and the effects of thickness and material of ring plates were discussed. The sled crash test was carried out to validate the result of simulations. The new type absorber is effective for collision that impact velocity is lower than 40 km/h.     

PRETTA:A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PWR PRESSURIZER’S TRANSIENT THERMODYNAMICS

Introduction　　 For a safe reator operation in PWR,the pre-diction of the pressure during various transients isessential.For this purpose,the pressure predic-tions made by the computer codes based on theequilibrium pressurizer models developed in theearly 1 96 0 ' s are not always satisfactory. TheThree Mile Island(TMI) accident has resulted inan increased emphasis on the capability of simulat-ing system transients with greater accuracy[1] . Fora pressurized waterreactor,the accurate pred…     

Convective Boiling of Near-Azeotropic Refrigerant R410A in the Horizontal Micro-fin Tube

Using near-azeotropic refrigerant R410A as the working fluid, the experimental studies on the horizontal micro-fin tubes were conducted. Several factors affecting heat transfer coefficients were analyzed, and the characteristics of flow boiling of the refrigerant in the horizontal micro-fin tubes were discussed. The local heat transfer coefficients increase with mass flux, heat flux and quality. And the heat transfer enhancement factor of those testing tubes is about 1.6 to 2.2.     

盘管式蒸发冷却器的传热传质数学建模

国内外学者对蒸发式冷却的热质传递过程进行了大量的研究,但因影响因素较多,数学模型的结果相差迥异,没有形成统一,从而限制了蒸发式冷却器的研发进程。针对上述问题,就盘管式蒸发冷却器做了分析,建立了其传热传质数学模型,通过对模型的整理得出了对盘管式蒸发冷却器的设计、研究及其性能的分析评价有重要意义的四个关系式（冷却器内各温度及含湿量与距离蒸发器顶部的关系）。最后给出了传热传质系数关系式。     

对流换热系数的反求方法

针对对流换热系数影响因素多，求解困难，传统的数值计算多采用试凑法，人工修改对流换热系数，使最后边界温度的计算值与测量值吻合，但是收敛缓慢耗费人工．基于反问题分析原理，结合无约束优化思想，提出了一种求解对流换热系数的方法，解决了这一问题．     

车辆通风式制动盘内部通道对流换热研究综述

总结了通风式制动盘内部通道对流换热的研究成果,从内部通道的质量流量、对流换热系数和有效散热表面积三方面,分析了不同结构设计对制动盘内部通道换热的影响;从解析法、数值分析法和试验测试法三方面,综述了国内外在对流换热分析和检测方法的研究概况。研究结果表明:在径向叶片制动盘通道内,主要存在2种流动方式,由紧邻叶片吸力侧气流分离引起的回流和在径向通道内部旋转的二次流,抑制回流区的形成可以提高泵送空气质量流量,使通道内的温度分布更加均匀,二次流将促进通道间的空气混合流动和湍流的发展,加强局部剪切应力,改善制动盘散热性能;综合应用射流冲击强化方式(多束流、旋流和多方向射流等)、高孔隙率和类柱状结构优化设计也能够改变流体在通道中的流动状态,这些措施都会使得通道内流体扰动增大,热边界层变薄,壁面附近的速度梯度增大,有效提高了制动盘的对流换热系数,增强了散热能力;采用解析法和数值分析法得到的结果具有很强的理论参考价值,而采用试验测试法所获得的结果更加接近制动盘实际内部温度和气体流速的变化,因此,若能将三者无缝结合,实现优势互补,则最具有科学研究价值;在对高速车辆制动盘结构进行优化设计时,为了获得最大的散热效率,往往忽略了通道内摩擦压降和流动阻力,因此,如何平衡散热与摩擦压降、流动阻力之间的关系,还需进一步深入探索与研究。      

Preparation of benzene adsorption materials using waste activated alumina

A new type of benzene adsorption material was prepared by using the airtight heat treatment method. This method can directly transform the organic impurities of the activated alumina waste into carbon with adsorption capability. The microstructure and carbon content of materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET (Brunauer Emmett Teller) surface area analysis and elemental analysis. The influences of heat treatment temperature on the properties of the composite materials were discussed. The benzene adsorption capability of the material was investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal heat treatment process condition is airtight heating at 400°C for 2 h. The resulting sample has carbon mass fraction of 3.57%, specific surface area of 234.70m²/g, pore volume of 0.41m³/g, and average pore size of 6.59 nm. The samples show excellent benzene adsorption capability with an adsorption rate of 21.80%.     

Application of Computer in the Design of Process Thermal Cycle of Steel

IntroductionSteelingot.steelslabbecomest6elproductsafterheatingandrollingorforging.Steelproductsofforgingneedtobeheattfeatedinheattreatingfumace,fOrexampleannealingnormalization.Heattreatinentcandecreasestress,reducehydrogenconcentrationandimprovetheorganizationandperformanceofsteel.Everyprocessofproductionthatsteelingotschangeilltosteelproductsisaprocessofthermalcycleofsteel.Thisprocesswillconsumealargeamountofeneasmaterialandequipment.Inthepast,inmetallurgicalenterpriseofourcountrythetimeo…     

质子交换膜燃料电池水管理研究

水管理是质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）可靠运行的关键，既维持适当的膜的水合程度，又不致水淹电极，是水管理的理想状况．燃料电池作为一个多相、多尺度、多物理场、动态复杂系统，其中的流动、传热、传质、相变、多相流和电化学过程相互影响、相互联系、相互制约．就PEMFC内流体流动，物质的传输，热量生成和传递，水的相变及两相流，电化学反应等方面综述了目前的研究进展，权衡利弊，以期达到最佳的燃料电池电化学性能．     

减振轨道形式对地铁曲线上钢轨磨耗影响的仿真

针对地铁线路普遍存在的钢轨磨耗现象,运用Simpack数值模拟虚拟样机技术和有限元软件Abaqus,建立地铁车辆轨道耦合动力学模型,针对车辆行驶于4种减振轨道曲线线路时,对轮轨磨耗、减振器扣件地段加密措施、梯形轨枕枕下刚度和参振质量调整措施进行了仿真模拟计算分析．结果表明：对于抑制钢轨波磨,板下减振和枕下减振方式在小曲线半径曲线地段使用效果要优于既有刚度和间距条件下的减振器扣件和Vanguard扣件;对于抑制钢轨侧磨,板下减振和枕下减振方式的效果也相对较好;减振器扣件间距加密措施、梯形轨枕枕下刚度及参振质量的增加,对减磨有一定作用．     

Regularization Method to the Parameter Identification of Interfacial Heat Transfer Coefficient and Properties during Casting Solidification

The accurate material physical properties, initial and boundary conditions are indispensable to the numerical simulation in the casting process, and they are related to the simulation accuracy directly. The inverse heat conduction method can be used to identify the mentioned above parameters based on the temperature measurement data. This paper presented a new inverse method according to Tikhonov regularization theory. A regularization functional was established and the regularization parameter was deduced, the Newton-Raphson iteration method was used to solve the equations. One detailed case was solved to identify the thermal conductivity and specific heat of sand mold and interfacial heat transfer coefficient (IHTC) at the meantime. This indicates that the regularization method is very efficient in decreasing the sensitivity to the temperature measurement data, overcoming the ill-posedness of the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) and improving the stability and accuracy of the results. As a general inverse method, it can be used to identify not only the material physical properties but also the initial and boundary conditions' parameters.     

共轭梯度法求解稳态湿热耦合多宗量反问题

采用等参单元在空间上进行离散,建立了便于正演和反演的有限元模型,可直接求导进行敏度分析．对于反问题,采用最小二乘法建立目标函数,应用共轭梯度技术进行求解,对湿热物性参数和边界条件进行了多宗量联合反演,给出了相关的数值验证。数值验证取得了令人满意的结果,并对信息测量误差影响作了初步探讨。     

车辆悬架最佳阻尼匹配减振器设计

为了使设计减振器对车辆具有最佳减振效果,利用悬架最佳阻尼比,对减振器最佳阻尼系数进行了研究,建立了减振器最佳速度特性数学模型,提出了减振器阀系参数设计优化方法,对设计减振器进行了特性试验和整车振动试验,并与原车载减振器性能进行了对比。计算结果表明:减振器特性试验值与最佳阻尼匹配要求值的最大偏差为9%,而且,在低频范围内,设计减振器的整车振动传递函数幅值明显低于原车载减振器的幅值,有效遏制了簧下质量在13Hz附近的共振,因此,减振器速度特性模型和阀系参数优化设计方法是正确的。     

强迫油循环风冷式牵引变压器的动态温度场模型

牵引变压器散热涉及冷却油与绕组的共轭传热和热油在油冷却器的二次散热. 为准确模拟其温度场随时间和空间的变化规律,在一维假设基础上,建立了牵引变压器（含绕组和冷却油）和油冷却器的分布参数模型,并与油泵和管道等集中参数模型耦合,建立了牵引变压器动态温度场数学模型,同时提出了一套数值求解算法;对一台牵引变压器及其散热系统进行动态温升实验,以此检验了模型预测精度. 研究结果表明:模型预测的牵引变压器冷却油温过渡时间（58 min）与实验值（61 min）吻合良好,稳定工作的冷却油和绕组温度与实验值的偏差分别为1.3 ℃和2.5 ℃,可以用于指导牵引变压器散热系统的工程设计及优化.      

隧道高地温的地质成因研究

为研究隧道高地温的地质成因，以云南某在建高速公路隧道——尼格隧道为研究对象，该隧道兼有高水温与高岩温，最高水温达63.4 ℃，最高岩温达88.8 ℃. 从区域地质构造及地震特征、水化学特征、地热储特征等对区域性的热因控制、水源、热源、导热通道等进行了分析，利用氢氧同位素分析法、锶同位素分析法、微量元素分析法、放射性元素分析法等对隧址区的热水来源及演变过程、热源成因进行了研究，并结合隧道工程地质、水文地质条件及开挖揭示状况，对隧道高水温段及高岩温段的地质成因过程进行了剖析. 研究结果表明:灰岩段高水温的成因过程与花岗岩段高岩温有所差异，隧道高水温的成因过程为热源（深部热异常体）—主要传热通道（深循环）—次级传热通道—浅表水体混合、水岩作用，其过程伴随着冷热水混合作用、离子交换作用等；隧道高岩温的成因过程为热源（深部热异常体、放射性元素衰变生热）—主要传热通道（深循环）—次级传热通道—热气沿裂隙传至隧道岩体，其过程伴随着S元素的富集，易形成H₂S或SO₂有毒有害气囊.      

过程参数描述的等壁温平行平板间层流对流换热特性

传热过程中的过程参数为傅立叶定律定义的热通量.对等壁温平行平板间层流对流换热进行过程参数描述,揭示了壁面上和流体内部流动速度和速度梯度对对流换热的贡献.结果表明:如果把传热过程以过程参数进行描述可以获得对传热的深刻表述和理解.