Understanding Spray Coating Process: Visual Observation of Impingement of Multiple Droplets on a Substrate

Spray coating is a facile deposition process with numerous existing and emerging applications. However, spray coating is a stochastic process comprising impingement of many droplets which upon impact on a heated substrate may dry or solidify individually or coalesce first to form a thin liquid film and then dry to yield a thin solid film. There is very limited knowledge on how this process occurs; therefore in this work, high speed imaging is used to visualize the spray coating process. Two model solutions including food-dye with properties like those of water, and poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), a polymeric solution, are sprayed onto permeable glossy paper and regular impermeable glass substrates. Substrates are kept at room temperature and 80 °C elevated temperature. In some cases, a vertical ultrasonic vibration is imposed on the substrate to study its effect on the coating process. It is observed that the spray coating process is highly random and stochastic. A higher substrate temperature results in a better coating process in that a more uniform and defect-free coating forms. Imposed vibration in the case of glossy paper substrates results in better droplet spreading and more uniform coating. The results also show that under the conditions of these experiments, impinged droplets dry individually or as islands of multiple coalesced droplets to form a coating. In other words, at used spray flow rate and spray droplet size, a continuous thin liquid film does not form prior to drying even at room temperature. Further systematic studies and high magnification lenses are required to visualize and understand the details of the process.     

阴极电泳涂装金属表面处理剂的研究

为了解决阴极电泳涂装对表面处理剂的特殊要求和实现处理过程中的节能、减少环境污染等问题，研究出与阴极电泳涂装配套的低温快速磷化剂、低温无磷脱脂剂、胶体钛表面处理剂、新型复合有机促进剂，解决了传统的磷酸盐脱脂剂、促进剂对环境的污染；确定了碱度、酸度、温度等最佳工艺条件，测定了磷化膜的晶型结构和相关性能。结果表明，新型金属表面处理剂处理速度快、温度低、沉渣少、寿命长、无毒环保，磷化剂所得磷化膜为片状聚晶型体结构，膜薄而致密、耐碱性强，与阴极电泳涂装配套性能优异，涂层附着力强，耐腐蚀性能优异。     

点焊镀锌钢板时球形电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的分析

利用SEM、EDX和XRD等方法分析了在点焊镀锌钢板时球形电极表面熔敷TiC涂层对电极失效的影响。结果表明:点焊镀锌钢板时,球形电极的失效机制,主要是电极和镀锌板之间局部焊接的断裂发生在电极表面而导致的电极磨损,以及电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化。表面涂敷TiC的CuCrZr电极的寿命(1200点)是CuCrZr电极寿命(500点)的2.4倍,表面处理能提高电极寿命的主要原因是,在点焊镀锌钢板时表面涂敷的TiC层能阻碍电极和镀锌板之间的局部焊接和阻碍电极和镀锌板表面的锌之间的合金化。     

铝合金表面镍钼二元化学转化膜的制备及其耐腐蚀性

以NiSO4和Na2MoO4作为成膜主盐制备铝合金表面无铬的Ni-Mo二元化学转化膜,考察了溶液pH值、NiSO4浓度、Na2MoO4浓度、温度对Ni-Mo二元膜耐腐蚀性能的影响.耐腐蚀性试验、电化学分析和SEM表征结果表明：与空白铝合金试片、覆盖Ni一元膜的铝合金试片相比,覆盖Ni-Mo二元膜的铝合金具有更佳的耐腐蚀性能和更为平整的转化膜外观.     

直流脉冲磁控溅射制备ITO薄膜及其光电性能

利用直流脉冲磁控溅射法在室温下制备ITO薄膜.通过台阶仪、紫外-可见分光光度计、四探针仪等表征技术,研究了沉积气压、溅射功率,以及Ar/O2流量比等对ITO薄膜沉积速率、光学性能,以及电学性能的影响.研究结果表明,薄膜沉积速率随沉积气压的增大而减小,随功率的增大而增大;方块电阻随气压的增大而增大,随功率的增大而减小;可见光平均透过率主要受O2流量的影响.在沉积气压为0.5 Pa,Ar/O2流量比为20∶0,溅射功率为250 W,膜厚为200 nm时,薄膜的方块电阻为27Ω/□,可见光平均透过率为84.1%.     

Simulation Analysis on Polyurethane Coating of Wind Blade

The distribution regularities of stress and displacement in the interior and on the surface of polyurethane coating are analyzed by the software of finite element analysis with the condition that the polyurethane coating of wind blade is impacted by the sand particle with different velocities and angles. The analysis results indicate that at the same impacting angle, the coating produces plastic yield more easily when the velocity of sand particle is faster and the range of the yield area is connected with the contacting time; plastic deformation wear and cutting wear on the surface of polyurethane coating are concurrent but have different effects;the sand particle impacting the coating can produce large tensile stress on the surface of the coating which causes the coating cracks to occur easily; the shear stress is symmetrically distributed on both side of the contacting point, and the coating at the contacting points lower left and lower right can be easily damaged by the shear.     

Sol-Gel提拉法制备ZAO薄膜及其光电性能

采用溶胶-凝胶（Sol-Gel）浸渍提拉法（基于组装的小型提拉装置）在普通玻璃片上制备出ZnO：Al（ZAO）薄膜,利用扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见分光光度计、数字式四探针测试仪等检测手段分别对其进行了分析比较。结果表明：Al^3＋浓度为1．0％的ZAO薄膜表面最为致密均匀;随着退火温度的提高,薄膜的晶体平均粒径明显增大,电阻率逐渐减小;不同掺Al量的ZAO薄膜在可见光区的平均透光率均在70％以上,当Al^3＋浓度为1．5％时,550℃退火2h,电阻率最小,为5．9×10^-2Ω·cm。     

脉冲激光沉积 ZnO 薄膜的微结构及发光性能

用波长为1064nm的Nd—YAG激光器，在氧的活性气氛中，通过激光烧蚀Zn靶在Si（111）衬底上获得ZnO薄膜．用电子显微镜（XRD和FESEM）表征ZnO薄膜的结构和表面形貌，用光致发光谱表征光学性质．实验中观察到紫外光发射和深能级的黄绿光发射．紫外光发射是ZnO薄膜的固有性质，深能级光发射是由于存在氧反位缺陷（OZn）．紫外光发射和深能级光发射的强度依赖于薄膜的表面粗糙度．表面粗糙度在nm级范围内的ZnO薄膜可以获得高强度的紫外光．     

冲击划痕法测定Ni—P化学镀层结合强度

介绍了一种评价镀层结合强度的新方法－单摆冲击划痕法。它能有效地评价和定量地测定镀层与基材的结合强度以及冲击截荷下镀层的耐磨性能。用冲击划痕法测定Ｎｉ－Ｐ化学镀层与碳钢结构强度的试验结果表明，保持合适的基材表面粗糙度，控制基材的含碳量以及选择适当的热处理温度可以提高Ｎｉ－Ｐ化学镀层与基材的结合强度承载能力。     

激光熔敷耐磨梯度复合涂层的研究

利用激光熔敷方法在Ａ３钢表面制备ＷＣ梯度涂层，并分析了涂层的微观结构、硬度及耐磨性。结果表明，涂层的组织为镍基固溶体加少量硼化物、碳化物及硬质相ＷＣ，其中ＷＣ颗粒的粒度及含量沿母材向表面方向呈梯度变化。涂层的硬度和耐磨性随着成分的变化而平缓变化，界面应力降低，涂层与基体结合牢固。     

航空发动机多级叶盘-轴系统扭转耦合振动特性

针对多级叶盘转子结构, 考虑多级叶片弯曲变形和轴扭转变形耦合作用, 引入叶片离心刚化作用, 建立了包含多叶片、2级叶盘和轴的耦合振动模型; 应用哈密顿原理推导了多级叶盘-轴耦合振动微分方程组, 通过数值积分方法得到了系统质量矩阵与刚度矩阵, 进而求解出系统耦合模态; 研究了叶盘固有频率、叶片长度、叶盘间距、叶片扭转角对振动特征的影响。研究结果表明: 2级叶盘-轴系耦合振动包含3类耦合模态, 各阶模态频率以叶盘固有频率为边界相互分离; 叶片长度小于1 m时, 耦合第1、2阶频率受轴半径的影响较大, 叶片长度超过1 m后, 耦合第1、2阶频率受叶片长度的影响较大; 在系统转速为2 000 rad·s-1时, 在不同叶盘间距下, 耦合的3阶模态频率变化幅度分别降低5、3、7 Hz; 转速-频率曲线存在明显的频率转向特征, 叶片扭转角增加60°, 转向区域提高500 rad·s-1; 2级叶盘系统会产生不同于单级叶盘的耦合模态, 短叶片与长叶片均会对耦合频率产生显著影响; 叶片扭转角与叶盘间距的变化会使耦合区域移动, 从而降低可能发生的危险共振。      

ICP-PECVD法制备类金刚石膜

以CH4为放电气体,利用电感耦合等离子体化学气相沉积（ICP—PECVD）法制备了类金刚石薄膜,使用FTIR、AFM、台阶仪对薄膜进行了表征,并对薄膜的沉积过程进行了光谱诊断（OES）．研究了射频功率和基底在放电腔体中的位置对薄膜表面粗糙度、沉积速率和硬度的影响．实验结果表明：A位置处薄膜粗糙度随着功率的增加先减小后增大,随着射频功率的升高,薄膜的硬度逐渐增大,沉积速率先增大后减小,而薄膜硬度和沉积速率都随着与线圈中心距离的增加而减小．光谱诊断结果显示,随着功率的升高,Iβ/Iα和CH的强度呈增大趋势．结合上述研究结果,分析了影响薄膜生长的多种因素．     

TiN涂层的滑动磨损特性

研究了 3Cr2 W8V基体离子镀 Ti N涂层的滑动磨损特性。分析了涂层的磨损机理。结果表明 :Ti N涂层的耐磨性明显高于 3Cr2 W8V基体。涂层的主要磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳剥落。当试验载荷从 4 90 N到 980 N时 ,涂层的磨损率上升 ,而从 980 N上升到 1 4 70 N时 ,各涂层的磨损率下降 ,其原因是磨损机制发生了变化 ,前者以磨粒损为主 ,氧化磨损为辅 ;而后者以氧化磨损为主。     

真空镀膜技术在塑料表面金属化上的应用

塑料表面金属化将改善塑料的表面性质，使其具有塑料和金属两者的独特功能，真空镀膜技术是现代塑料表面金属化的主要技术之一．介绍了塑料真空镀膜技术原理及其常见的镀膜方法。分析了塑料作为真空镀膜基体材料的特殊性，阐述了真空镀膜技术在塑料表面金属化上的应用情况，并提出了目前的研究热点．     

Field Tests for Investigating the Extraction Rate of Piles Using a Vibratory Technique

Factors directly affecting the extraction rate of the piles pulled out by a vibratory pulling system are summarized and classified into five categories (excitation force, resistance, vibration amplitude, pile plumbness keeping, and slowing down at the later stage) from the mechanics and engineering practice. Field tests on steel sheet piles extracted by vibratory technique in different soil conditions are conducted to ascertain how these factors affect the extraction rate of a pile with regard to three major actors of vibratory pile pulling: the pile to be extracted, the selected pulling system, and the imposed soil conditions. The extraction rates of three different sheet pile types (having up to four different lengths) pulled out by two different vibratory pulling systems are documented. The piles with different lengths and types, pulled out with or without a clutch, have different extraction rates. The working parameters governing the vibratory hammer, such as excitation force and vibration amplitude, exert significant influences on the rate of pile extraction, especially in the early stages of up-lift process. The extraction rate of the piles driven in different soil conditions is uniform because different extraction resistances mainly refer to shaft friction. The properties of the pile-soil interface influence the extraction rate of the piles, and the extraction rate decreases with the time for which the piles have been buried in the earth.     

The Adhesion Improvement of Cubic Boron Nitride Film on High Speed Steel Substrate Implanted by Boron Element

Cubic boron nitride（c-BN） films were deposited on W6Mo5Cr4V2 high speed steel（HSS） substrate implanted with boron ion by RF-magnetron sputtering. The films were analyzed by the bending beam method, scratch test, XPS and AFM. The experimental results show that the implantation of boron atom can reduce the internal stress and improve the adhesion strength of the films. The critical load of scratch test rises to 27.45 N, compared to 1.75 N of c-BN film on the unimplanted HSS. The AFM shows that the surface of the c-BN film on the implanted HSS is low in roughness and small in grain size. Then the composition of the boron implanted layer was analyzed by the XPS. And the influence of the boron implanted layer on the internal stress and adhesion strength of c-BN films were investigated.     

风力发电塔系统整体建模与模态分析研究

为了判断风力发电塔系统是否能避开共振,需对其进行模态分析。提出了考虑“桨叶-轮毂-机舱-塔筒”耦合的整体建模的方法,可用于风力发电塔系统模态的计算。分别进行了停机阶段、运行阶段和切出阶段的模态分析,对比其频率和固有振型。对比结果表明：三个阶段的频率基本相同,只须验算停机状态下的频率满足规范即可;塔筒的振动形式主要为侧向弯曲振动、前后弯曲振动和扭转振动;桨叶在前十阶的振动形式主要为挥舞振动和摆振,且三桨叶振动存在一定的规律;相对于停机阶段,运行阶段时振型基本相同,切出阶段时振型有较大差异。     

酞菁铜薄膜制备及其光学性能

采用真空蒸发的方法在ITO玻璃上制备了CuPc薄膜,并用分光光度计（U-3310）测试了四种不同厚度的CuPc薄膜的透射/吸收/反射率随波长变化情况,重点分析了其中的吸收规律.结果显示波段在340~370 nm和570~720 nm光吸收率基本上在90%左右,在480 nm吸收率最低,大部分光都已透射.同时用扫描电子显微镜对薄膜进行了成分分析,对照能谱图可以看出样品中含有碳、氧、铜等元素,与酞菁铜薄膜元素组成成分相符.     

Influence of high frequency vibration on deep drawing process of AZ31 sheet at room temperature

Quasi-ultrasonic vibration with a frequency of 15 kHz and a maximum output of 2 kW was imposed on the deep drawing process of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheet at room temperature, in order to reveal the effect of high frequency vibration on deformation behavior of AZ31 during the process. From the drawn results and the observation of the microstructure within the large deformation area, high frequency vibration has a great influence on the formability, the forming load and the failure mode of AZ31 sheet during the deep drawing process; the influence is a comprehensive result of so-called ??volume effect?? and ??surface effect??, and relies on the vibrating amplitude. Total forming load decreased significantly as soon as the vibration superimposed. According to the tensile test results of AZ31 bars under ultrasonic vibration, the formability of AZ31 sheet increases firstly with the increase of stimulating energy, then decreases and finally becomes brittle. Under the combined influence of ??surface effect?? and the ??softening?? in the ??volume effect?? near the relative low amplitude of 25%A in the experiment (A is the maximum amplitude), the formability of AZ31 reaches the largest value, and the samples possess the same distribution trend of cracks as those added with lubricating oil. With the increase of excitation energy, the ??volume effect?? gradually becomes apparent, and finally the ??hardening?? of the ??volume effect?? occupies a dominant position.     

氧—乙炔火焰熔凝Ni—Cr—B—Si—合金粉末等离子喷涂层的研究

用氧—乙炔火焰对Ni—Cr—B—Si合金粉末等离子喷涂层进行了快速熔凝处理,这种工艺不同于传统的二步法喷焊,它保持了喷涂法涂层薄,基体受热影响小等优点,同时又具有喷焊法组织致密,结合力强等优点,实验结果表明,经氧—乙炔焰熔凝处理后,喷涂层的耐磨性和抗蚀性都有明显提高。