工程投标报价的决策分析

本文强调针对招标文件和工程项目的具体情况，投标人应全面分析其风险因素，并对风险的危害程度和发生概率做出合理的估计，再根据项目的可行性、可靠性、可能利润的预测等选择投标项目。同时应树立明确的时间成本概念，使用有效的报价技巧。     

BOT项目的风险分担与合同管理

本文介绍了BOT项目的特点及其风险的分类,BOT风险的分担原则及管理对策,并结合两个案例详细讨论了如何在BOT项目的合同条件中体现其风险分担,以及如何将风险管理与合同管理结合。     

国际工程承包的一种新型合同模式——EPC合同

本文结合作者在国外参与EPC模式的工程项目实践中的体会和研究，对这种新型合同模式作了全面的介绍和分析，包括EPC合同产生的背景，订合同时风险的分担，招标与投标，招标与投标，支付方法以及管理方式等。     

二次平均法对四川公路建设环境咨询项目投标的影响及应对策略

针对当前四川省公路建设环境咨询项目的招标基准价基本上都采用二次平均法确定的情况,以14个案例为例,结合市场竞争情况,分析二次平均法对评标基准价的影响,在此基础上提出一些应对策略.分析发现,招标人采用二次评价法计算得到的评标基准价低于市场平均价,但高于采用最低价法计算得到的评标基准价,这会引导投标人提高技术水平,在可能的情况下降低报价,而不是采用最低价冲击市场.对此,提出投标人应采取的应对策略,主要有:注意研究招标文件,特别是限价下限的区间;提高自身技术水平,在投标过程中考虑各方面的细节;做好信誉等级维护工作等.     

浅析地铁投标文件的编制(商务部分)

地铁工程的投标工作从项目跟踪、资格审查到编制标书、投标等,每一步都至关重要。而最后的标书制作无疑是投标成功的必要条件。本文以广州地铁、厦门地铁为背景,根据广州、厦门地区招标文件及当地招标特点,进行投标阶段商务部分注意事项的分析,为以后同类项目的投标相关事项提供参考。     

一个招投标案例中报价的博弈过程分析

市场经济的一个重要特点,就是要充分发挥竞争机制的作用,使市场主体在平等条件下公平竞争,优胜劣汰,从而实现资源的优化配置.招标是指在一定范围内公开货物、工程或服务采购的条件和要求,邀请众多投标人参加投标,并按照规定程序从中选择交易对象的一种市场交易行为.招标这种择优竞争的方式完全符合市场经济的要求,可以真正实现"公开、公平、公正"的市场竞争原则.     

浅析港口项目投标过程的风险评估机制

工程的招投标过程是招投标双方的博弈过程,也是投标人结合自身经济、技术实力以及投标项目进行综合分析的过程,在这个过程存在大量的不确定因素,因此施工企业必须充分考虑风险的发生概率和影响范围,选择合理的风险评估机制来量化风险,以制定相应的应对措施,才能在获得投标成功的同时,将企业风险降到最低。     

国际工程承包的一种新型合同模式——EPC合同

本文结合作者在国外参与EPC模式的工程项目实践中的体会和研究．对这种新型合同模式作了全面的介绍和分析，包括EPC合同产生的背景，订合同时风险的分担．招标与投标，支付方法以及管理方式等。     

公路建设PPP模式风险分担关系的思考

随着社会的不断发展,公路建设在发展中的地位越来越高,俗语说"要致富,先修路",可见公路建设在经济发展中的重要性。我国当前的公路建设由于工程浩大,时间较长,还是存在很多风险,因此怎样分担这些风险是政府与建筑公司应该共同考虑的问题。本文对公路建设中PPP模式风险分担关系进行分析,指出当前存在的不合理指出,并给与一定的建议,保证公路建设的安全。     

水运工程项目招标采购的风险评价

在市场经济条件下，激烈的竞争性招标采购体现了公平公正的基本原则，给水运工程建设带来巨大的益处，但也时常给建设单位带来一些风险，投资超预算的现象时有发生。文章基于水运工程项目招标采购的分析，对投标人分类，建立风险评价模型，评价不同投标人的风险大小，提出招标采购风险的管理方法。并且结合工程实例，讨论了招标采购风险模型的具体应用。     

交通基础设施BOT项目的界面管理

为了提高交通基础设施BOT项目管理水平，基于交通基础设施BOT项目的界面信息特点，指出了对该类项目进行界面管理的必要性。提出应从技术分析、组织体系和合同约束等角度，分析该类项目在全生命周期中存在的界面，探讨了界面管理在交通基础设施BOT项目的具体应用。     

招投标中最低价中标法分析

如何使招投标既客观、公平、公正，最终达到有效控制工程造价、确保工程质量的目的，已经成为当前高速公路招投标工作中的一大难题。通过对辽宁省沈大高速公路改、扩建工程招投标中，采取目前国际上通用的最低标法，这一评标方法进行相关资料的分析，探讨研究最低投标价在国内建筑招投标市场上的规范运作。     

从重庆涪陵李渡长江大桥BOT项目投资建设过程浅析BOT项目成功实施之要点

本文以重庆涪陵李渡长江大桥BOT项目为案例,通过对大桥BOT投资选择、合同签订及建设过程管理中所应该关注的关键环节进行分析,从而总结归纳出顺利实施BOT投资项目的几点成功要点,以供相关施工建筑行业的投资开发商交流参考。     

A simulation approach for estimating value at risk in transportation infrastructure investment decisions

Traditional economic analysis techniques used in the assessment of Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects are based upon the assumption that future cash flows are fully deterministic in nature and are not designed to account for risks involved in the assessment of future returns. In reality, many of these infrastructure projects are associated with significant risks stemming from the lack of knowledge about future cost and benefit streams. The fundamental premise of the PPP concept is to efficiently allocate risks between the public and the private partner. The return based on deterministic analysis may not depict a true picture of future economic outcomes of a PPP project for the multiple agencies involved. This deficiency underscores the importance of risk-based economic analysis for such projects. In this paper, the authors present the concept of Value-at-Risk (VaR) as a measure of effectiveness (MOE) to assess the risk share for the public and private entity in a PPP project. Bootstrap simulation is used to generate the risk profile savings in vehicle operating cost, and in travel time resulting from demand-responsive traffic. The VaR for Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is determined for public and private entity. The methodology is applied to a case study involving such a joint venture in India, the Mumbai Pune Expressway/National Highway 4 (MPEW/NH4), and fiscal implications from the perspective of the public and the private entities are examined. A comparison between deterministic and risk based economic analysis for MPEW/NH4 is presented. Risk analysis provides insightful results on the economic and financial implications from each participant's viewpoint.     

Operator changes through competitive tendering: Empirical evidence from German local bus transport

In this paper, we empirically investigate operator changes and the structural conditions in competitive tendering of bus services in Germany. We show that the focus has been on regional services, which has led to a loss in market share for the incumbent DB Stadtverkehr companies and gains for private companies, whereas municipal services have rarely been tendered out. The high average number of bidders (5.1) and the high probability of an operator change (58.2%) are positively influenced by tendering in larger volumes and longer contractual lengths. Tenders in early years have been more likely subject to an operator change. By contrast, complexity drivers such as the number of lines and mixed urban and regional transports exhibit a negative influence on competition.     

价值管理在建设工程投标中的应用

价值管理是一种以价值为导向的有组织的创造性活动,在施工投标阶段中价值管理方法全面考虑投标单位的情况,分析市场情形,在降低工程项目成本和增强项目功能方面具有显著的效果。一般总承包项目投标阶段既包括了施工图设计阶段,也包括了施工实践阶段,在这一阶段,运用价值管理手段所带来的节约潜力是巨大的。     

Does the political and economic context influence the success of a transport project? An analysis of transport public-private partnerships

The construction and provision of infrastructure services such as transport nowadays is often based on a partnership between three main actors: public sector, private sector and multilateral lenders, under a framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). This type of partnership has been employed in a wide range of projects in the transport sector and in various contexts in developing and developed countries. Given this observation, the objective of this paper is to examine how countries’ economic and political characteristics contribute to the success of PPPs in transport investments. Special focus in the analysis is given to how the perception of corruption and democratic accountability may influence the success of a PPP project in different transport sectors. We examine a database with 856 transport PPP projects using a generalized linear model in the form of a logit model in order to evaluate the transport database covering data from 72 countries, classified in six regions. The study highlights the importance of national experience. Not only does national macroeconomic experience appear to have a relevant role, but so also does its past experience (either positive or negative) of transport PPP projects. An interesting finding from the analysis is the importance of the rest of the world’s perception of a country’s level of corruption and democratic accountability for the final outcome of a PPP project.     

浅谈项目BT、BOT运作的难点与热点

阐述了从BOT(Build-Operate-Transfer,建设-营运-转让),BT(Build-Transfer,建设-转让)基本含义,并阐述了这两种新的投融资方式及其在国内基础设施建设项目中的应用。并扼要地探讨了在实际运作过程中的热点和难点,相应提出了一些建议,力求在今后BT、BOT投融资项目中取得更大成效。     

The cost of second best pricing and the value of risk premium

Private provision of public infrastructure (PPP) is meant to give incentives to increased efficiency in construction as well in operation and maintenance of the infrastructure e.g. within the transport sector. Efficiency is not only (private) economic efficiency, but also social efficiency e.g. social marginal cost pricing of use of the infrastructure.Is it possible to design contracts concerning payment mechanisms and financial instruments for transport infrastructure that will stimulate social efficiency and optimal allocation of risks between parties? The paper discusses whether different targets can be met and whether compromises may lead to acceptable second best solutions.PPP implies an opportunity to let the user-payment give desired incentives in the form of Social Marginal Cost Pricing (SMCP). A PPP project is a set of contracts and agreements between several parties, including the Government, the private contractor, subcontractors, banks and infrastructure users. These contracts should be designed to give the right incentives to the parties to achieve optimal risk allocation and utilising of resources.Long contract-periods are a common feature of PPPs. The paper examines the way that financial solutions should be designed to achieve the goals for the PPP-projects concerning economic and social efficiency. The expected size and variation of the income stream from the project will influence the loan conditions offered by banks concerning interest rates, guarantees and repayment and also the ability to attract investors. The balance between equity and loans again influences the conditions of the loans. An additional problem is asymmetric information between parties. The private contractor usually knows more about the task than the Government (hidden knowledge), and the Government cannot have full knowledge of the efforts of the contractor (hidden actions).     

基于嵌入式系统的河道航标远程监控研究

介绍基于GPRS网络数据终端的研制过程,对数据传输过程中用到的GPRS网络、PPP协议、PPP拨号脚本作详细说明,在uClinux操作系统的基础上实现了嵌入式终端的拨号接入internet,并根据应用特点提出解决方案,实现了数据的实时传输.