Continuous glucose monitoring in the patients with diabetic nephropathy

The aim of this study was to compare the difference of blood glucose (BG) fluctuation in the patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) with and without clinical diagnosed diabetic nephropathy (DN) by the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Thirty DM-2 patients with clinical diagnosed DN and fifteen DM-2 patients without complication underwent continuous glucose monitoring for 3 days (72 h) by CGMS. The difference of daily glucose fluctuation in both groups was compared by the parameter of CGMS. The 24-h mean blood glucose (MBG), minimal BG (MIN-BG), area under curve of BG over 7.8 (AUC7.8), percentage of time of BG over 7.8 (PT7.8), area under curve of BG over 11.1 (AUC11.1), percentage of time of BG over 11.1 (PT11.1), as well as mean of daily difference (MODD) were significantly increased in the group of DN, compared with those in the group of DM-2 without complication (all statistic probability P <0.05). No statistical significance of mean amplitude of glycaemic excursion (MAGE) was found. In the group of DN, MBG, standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), large amplitude of glycaemic excursion (LAGE), AUC7.8, PT7.8, AUC11.1, PT11.1, MAGE and MODD were (10.7±1.9)mmol/L, (2.5±1.3)mmol/L, (9.2±3.9)mmol/L, 3.2±1.7, (81±18)%, 1.2±1.0, (42±24)%, (5.8±2.5)mmol/L and (2.6±1.5)mmol/L, respectively. The study showed that the BG level of the patients with DN fluctuated throughout the day. MBG of the patients with DN was higher than that of the patients of DM-2 without complications, with the characteristics of long-lasting high BG period, dramatic instability during the day and especially high postprandial blood glucose. CGMS is a useful tool for physicians to know the details of the change of BG in the patients with DN.     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血栓调节蛋白的变化

目的　探讨血浆内血栓调节蛋白 (TM)含量变化与 2型糖尿病肾病的关系及其在 2型糖尿病肾病发病中的意义 ,为早期诊断和治疗提供依据。方法　采用ELISA法 ,同时测定 6 9例 2型糖尿病患者和 12例正常人 (NC组 )血浆TM ;并根据 2 4h尿白蛋白排泄率 (UAER)将 2型糖尿病患者分为正常白蛋白尿组 (SDM组 ) ,微量白蛋白尿组 (即早期糖尿病肾病组 ,EDN组 ) ,大量白蛋白尿组 (即临床期糖尿病肾病组 ,CDN组 )。结果　①与NC组 (1.4 6 11± 0 .392 6 ) μg·L-1比较 ,血浆TM水平在SDM组 (2 .0 2 81± 0 .5 813) μg·L-1、EDN组 (2 .6 6 32± 1.0 0 3) μg·L-1、CDN组 (4 .5 86 1±2 .5 2 91) μg·L-1,均显著升高 (P <0 .0 0 5 ,P <0 .0 0 5 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ;与SDM组比较 ,EDN组和CDN组血浆TM显著升高 (P<0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,CDN组血浆TM水平显著高于EDN组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。②血浆TM与UAER呈显著正相关 (r值为 0 .5 74 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。③血浆TM分别与病程、FPG、GHbAc、BUN、Cr、TC、LDL、SBP、DBP呈显著正相关 (r值分别为 0 .4 33、0 .2 2 7、0 .315、0 .2 2 8、0 .2 2 6、0 .2 0 7、0 .2 96、0 .4 77、0 .372 ,P均小于 0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆TM水平的测定有助于 2型糖尿病肾病的早期诊断     

不同透析方法对移植肾功能延迟恢复的影响

目的　比较不同透析方法对肾移植后肾功延迟恢复(DGF)的影响,以期选择合适的透析方法,提高移植效果。方法　观察应用不同透析方法治疗 DGF 患者时血压、细胞因子的变化和疗效。结果　采用高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗过程中低血压发生率 4.85%,肾功能恢复时间(9.1±4.3)d,术后感染发生率 9.52%,均较血液透析(HD)组低[低血压发生率 7.8%,肾功能恢复时间(21.4±7.6)d,术后感染发生率 20%];腹膜透析组低血压发生率6.25%,肾功能恢复时间(15. 5±6. 7) d,术后感染发生率 37. 5%,后两项指标高于 HVHF 组; HVHF 组治疗后,TNF- α、IL- 1β和 IL- 6的水平较治疗前明显下降,而HD组治疗前后无明显差异。结论　高容量血液滤过是一种较好的治疗DGF的方法。     

糖尿病视网膜病变与血清VEGF含量的相关性

目的　探讨糖尿病 (DM)视网膜病变 (DR)程度与血清血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)含量之间的关系。方法　 86例糖尿病患者按是否伴有DR及DR的严重程度分 3组 :糖尿病不伴DR(NDR)组 ,糖尿病伴单纯型DR(NPDR)组 ,糖尿病伴增殖型DR(PDR)组。采用定量双抗体夹心ELISA法检测血清VEGF含量 ,记录糖尿病病程。结果　 3组糖尿病患者血清VEGF水平逐组升高 ,NDR组为 (5 13.71± 16 8.92 )ng·L- 1 ;NPDR组为 (738.4 2± 337.4 2 )ng·L- 1 ;PDR组为 (95 4 .81± 2 6 1.2 0 )ng·L- 1 ,具有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且血清VEGF含量与糖尿病病程显著正相关 (P <0 .0 0 0 1)。结论　糖尿病视网膜病变程度与血清VEGF含量直接正相关 ,血清VEGF含量测定可作为判定DR病变程度的参考指标     

2型糖尿病患者血浆内皮素及降钙素基因相关肽的研究

目的　探讨 2型糖尿病 ( 2 DM )患者合并视网膜病变 (DR)和肾病 (DN)时与内皮素 (ET)和降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)的关系。方法　应用放射免疫法测定了 68例 2 DM患者和 2 8例正常对照者血浆ET和CGRP水平 ,并分析其相互关系。结果　 2 DM患者血浆ET水平较对照组明显升高 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,血浆CGRP水平较对照组明显降低 (P <0 .0 1 )。合并DR与合并DN组血浆ET水平均明显高于对照组及无并发症组 ,而血浆CGRP水平明显低于无并发症组及对照组。血浆ET与CGRP含量呈明显的负相关。结论　血浆ET及CGRP水平的变化可能同糖尿病的慢性微血管并发症的发生发展相关     

不同血液净化方式透析效果及对营养状态的影响

目的探讨不同血液净化方式的透析效果及对长期血液透析患者营养状态的影响。方法将20例晚期肾病患者,随机分为2组:HD组应用标准血液透析治疗;HDF/HD组采用2次血液透析+1次血液透析滤过(HDF)。比较两组患者治疗前后血清尿素、磷、β2-MG、血浆白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TF)、血红蛋白(Hb)、平均动脉压、Bun及Cr的变化,以及患者对治疗的耐受性。分别计算KT/v及PCR值。结果经过血液透析滤过治疗5个月,患者精神好转、食欲增加、体力恢复、自理能力增强。HDF/HD组与HD组比较,血清磷、β2-MG、KT/v明显降低,血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白和血红蛋白均明显升高;PCR值两组之间无明显差异。结论HDF治疗效果好,能明显改善患者的透析充分性和营养状态,是值得向长期维持性血透患者推荐的透析方式之一。     

The effect of Levocarnitine on nutritional status and lipid metabolism during long-term maintenance hemodialysis

Objective To investigate the effect of Levocarnitine on lipid metabolism and nutritional status of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and possible mechanism. Methods A total of 40 MHD patients [mean age (53.5±7.1) years] who underwent normal hemodialysis more than 6 months were randomly classified into two groups, Levocarnitine supplemented group (LS-G) (n=20; Levocarnitine supplementation after each normal hemodialysis session, at a dose of 1.0 g/day by intravenous administration) and control group (C-G) (n=20; normal hemodialysis). Before treatment, one month and three months after treatment we respectively measured or observed the following items, the tolerance to hemodialysis, carnitine level in plasma, C-reactive protein, IL-6, TNF-α, percentage of neutrophil, and some relevant nutritional parameters, such as lipid profile, transferrin, total protein, albumin and prealbumin levels. Comparative analysis was conducted between the two groups. Results In LS-G three months after treatment, the levels of carnitine, hemoglobin, and prealbumin in plasma were significantly increased (P<0.05), but C-reactive protein, neutrophil percentage, low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in contrast to those in C-G and before treatment. Transferrin, total protein, and albumin were elevated in LS-G, with no statistical significance. Conclusion There was a significant improvement of lipid metabolism and nutritional status for the long-term maintenance hemodialysis patients with Levocarnitine supplementation. And this improvement is related to the decrease of inflammatory factors.     

血液净化对肾综合征出血热炎症介质的清除作用

目的　通过观察连续性肾替代治疗 (CRRT)对肾病综合征出血热 (HFRS)患者肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)、白介素 6(IL 6 )及内皮素 1(ET 1)的清除作用 ,探讨炎症介质在HFRS中的作用。方法　将诊断为HFRS的中型及以上类型患者 4 0例随机分为两组 :CVVH组 2 0例行CVVH ,HD组 2 0例行HD。用ELISA法检测TNF α和IL 6浓度 ,放射免疫法测定ET 1浓度。结果　①CVVH组及HD组少尿天数 (3.0± 2 .1,6 .0± 3.4 )、并发症发生率 (2 5 % ,4 0 % )及病死率 (15 % ,2 5 % )差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。②两组治疗前后血肌酐和尿素氮下降有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。③CVVH组治疗后血中TNF α、IL 6和ET 1均较治疗前明显降低 ,差异均有显著性意义 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;HD组治疗前后血中TNF α、IL 6和ET 1无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。④CVVH组滤出液中可持续检测到IL 6及ET 1,未检测到TNF α。透出液中未检测到上述炎症介质。结论　连续性血液净化治疗可清除炎症介质 ,改善HFRS的病理生理过程 ,改善肾功能和预后 ,减少并发症 ,降低病死率 ,是治疗HFRS的最佳方法     

慢性肾衰血液透析患者外周血淋巴细胞CD15s抗原的表达

目的了解血液透析患者的外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s抗原的表达。方法应用流式细胞技术检测慢性肾衰(CRF)血液透析患者的外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s抗原的表达,并进行临床分析。结果长期透析患者外周血淋巴细胞CD15s表达水平为1.81±0.79,与正常对照(1.05±0.13)相比有所升高(P<0.05)。结论长期行血液透析的慢性肾衰患者外周血淋巴细胞表面CD15s表达升高。     

拉米夫定治疗失代偿期乙肝肝硬化的临床研究

目的探讨失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者应用拉米夫定(LVD)治疗的临床效果及对病程进展的影响。方法108例失代偿期乙肝肝硬化患者随机分成治疗组(58例)和对照组(50例)。治疗组服用LVD 100 mg/d,同时给予常规综合治疗。对照组仅给予常规综合治疗,随访时间为(28±3)个月。结果治疗组和对照组死亡率分别为6.9%和14.0%(P<0.05),Child Pugh评分下降≥2分的患者分别为89.2%和62.4%(P<0.05)。肝癌发生率分别为3.4%和4.0%(P>0.05)。治疗组在降低血清胆红素和转氨酶、升高血清白蛋白水平、降低Child Pugh评分、改善肝功能方面均明显优于对照组。治疗后HBeAg和HBV-DNA转阴率以及HBeAg血清转换率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组在12、24个月时发生YMDD变异率为24.1%和35.2%,但多数发生变异的患者继续治疗肝功能保持相对稳定。结论对失代偿期肝硬化患者应用LVD治疗可以快速抑制乙肝病毒复制,改善肝功能,延缓病情进展。     

抵抗素、血脂及有关生化指标在2型糖尿病患者中的变化

目的探讨抵抗素、血脂及肝功能指标在2型糖尿病患者内环境紊乱中的变化情况。方法70例2型糖尿病患者(2DM组)和15例正常人(对照组)分别采取清晨空腹静脉血,应用酶联免疫吸附试验测定抵抗素,放射免疫分析法测定胰岛素,全自动生化分析仪检测血糖、血脂及肝功能指标。结果①2DM组的空腹血糖平均为(8.85±3.21)mmol/L,空腹胰岛素平均为(11.12±4.54)mU/L,抵抗素平均含量为(23.06±9.34)μg/L,均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。②2DM组的胆固醇、三酰甘油及尿微量白蛋白分别为(5.51±1.37)mmol/L、(2.48±1.60)mmol/L和(28.49±41.18)mg/24h,均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。而谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和脂蛋白a在两组之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论糖尿病患者存在内环境的紊乱,其体内含有较高浓度的抵抗素,并存在血脂代谢异常和尿微量白蛋白的增高。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者胰岛素抵抗情况和胰岛β细胞功能的评价

目的评价系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者胰岛素抵抗情况和胰岛β细胞的功能。方法以在我院住院或门诊就诊的32例女性SLE患者为研究对象,以22名健康女性为对照,测定空腹血糖水平及空腹胰岛素水平,利用HOMA公式计算HOMA-IR及HOMA-β细胞分泌功能,在SLE患者与健康对照之间进行比较。结果SLE患者与健康对照比较,空腹血糖水平无显著性差异(4.58±0.61vs.4.62±0.56,P>0.05),但在空腹胰岛素水平增加的同时(12.13±4.32vs.8.84±2.19,P<0.01),HOMA-IR(2.38±0.62vs.1.62±0.42,P<0.01)及空腹HOMA-β细胞分泌功能(232.68±32.24vs.161.78±12.17,P<0.01)明显增加。结论SLE患者体内存在胰岛素抵抗和空腹胰岛素分泌的异常。     

Serum levels of RBP4 might not be determined by diabetes mellitus but by kidney function and renal replacement therapy

It has been reported that retinol-binding protein 4(RBP4) is associated to adiposity,insulin resistance,and type 2 diabetes.Meanwhile,circulating RBP4 levels are also affected by renal function.The aim of the present study is to investigate whether serum levels of RBP4 are primarily associated with different stages of chronic kidney disease(CKD) or type 2 diabetes,if there is more potential relevance between RBP4 and renal replacement therapy.The serum levels of RBP4 were assessed by commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)kit in 212 patients with the CKD stages 1—5 and in 24 healthy controls,while its correlation with clinical and metabolic parameters was analyzed.The serum level of RBP4 had a strong correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate(e GFR)(P 0.001).Stratified by e GFR and treatment,no more differences in RBP4 serum concentration were detected between type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects [CKD stages 1—5,non-dialysis(ND),hemodialysis(HD) and peritoneal dialysis(PD);P 0.05 for all].The elevation of RBP4 become higher in HD than in PD and ND in CKD5 patients(P = 0.008 and P = 0.04,respectively),while there was no significant difference between PD and ND groups.Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated three independent predictors of e GFR(β =-0.676,P 0.001),C-reactive protein(CRP)(β =-0.573,P 0.001) and creatine(β = 0.509,P = 0.024) in the study population.The study results demonstrated that the serum level of RBP4 was negatively related to the e GFR,whether diabetes mellitus(DM) affected the blood concentration of RBP4 or not.And the serum level of RBP4 exhibited significant difference in different renal replacement therapies.     

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Hybrid Copolymer Hydrogel with Poly（ethylene glycol） Dimethacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Layered Double Hydroxides

This paper describes the fabrication, characterization and properties of a novel hybrid poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) based hydrogel via in situ polymerization. The hybrid hydrogel was fabricated by free-radical redox polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) and N, N, N??, N??-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as initiators and N, N??-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) as cross-linker at 60°C. To create a hybrid hydrogel, 0.2% (mass fraction) of MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) was added to the aqueous solution by ultrasonic dispersion. The physicochemical properties of hybrid hydrogel under vacuum freeze-drying processing were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while swelling kinetics and gel content were calculated. Swelling degree in distilled water varied from 94%?C125% with a gel mass fraction of 83%?C91%. SEM images showed that the micron pore size of hydrogel could be adjusted within the range of several micrometers by changing the cross-linker mass fraction from 2% to 10% (based on glycol). The results showed that the hybrid hydrogels exhibited excellent physicochemical behavior and might be a promising material for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.     

血清胆红素水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系

目的观察血清胆红素水平与冠心病及冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法126例患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组(83例)和对照组(43例)。冠心病组按冠脉狭窄积分又分为三组:轻度狭窄组(15例)、中度狭窄组(35例)、重度狭窄组(33例);对照组冠脉造影正常。酶法测定甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和血清胆红素。结果冠心病组血清总胆红素为(12.30±3.84)μmol/L,直接胆红素为(4.07±1.45)μmol/L,间接胆红素为(8.23±2.82)μmol/L;正常对照组总胆红素为(14.59±4.37)μmol/L,直接胆红素为(4.66±1.55)μmol/L,间接胆红素为(9.93±3.33)μmol/L。冠心病组与正常对照组比较,总胆红素、间接胆红素及直接胆红素均降低(P<0.05)。冠脉积分与胆红素水平呈显著负相关关系(与总胆红素r=-0.263,P<0.05,与直接胆红素r=-0.187,P<0.05,与间接胆红素r=-0.261,P<0.05)。冠脉狭窄三组间胆红素水平比较无差异(P>0.05)。结论①血清胆红素水平与冠心病间存在显著负相关性,冠心病患者血清胆红素水平较正常人群明显降低;②血清胆红素水平与冠状动脉狭窄程度间无显著相关性。     

血脂异常对2型糖尿病肾病的影响

目的　探讨脂代谢异常对 2型糖尿病肾病 (DN)的影响。方法　采用病例对照研究方法 ,测定 40例 2型糖尿病肾病患者和 40例无肾病患者血清脂蛋白及载脂蛋白 (Apo) ,空腹胰岛素、血糖及尿白蛋白排泄率 ,并观察 40例糖尿病肾病患者不同时期血脂水平变化。结果　糖尿病肾病组较无肾病组甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇、空腹胰岛素、血糖水平明显增高 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白 胆固醇、载脂蛋白无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白 胆固醇与尿白蛋白排泄率、空腹胰岛素、血糖水平呈正相关 (r分别为 0 3 72、0 3 76、0 3 61 ) ;早期糖尿病肾病组血脂高于无肾病组 ,而且随着病程迁延 ,血脂紊乱趋于明显。结论　糖尿病肾病患者脂代谢紊乱的程度明显高于无肾病患者 ,并且在肾病早期就已出现。提示宜早期监测血脂水平 ,预防和延缓DN的发展     

PDCD5基因在初诊Graves'病患者PBMCs中表达情况的初步研究

目的探讨促凋亡基因PDCD5 mRNA在初诊Graves'病(GD)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中的表达。方法半定量RT-PCR法检测53例初诊GD患者外周血单个核细胞PDCD5 mRNA表达的阳性率和表达水平。结果35例PDCD5 mRNA在GD患者PBMCs中表达呈阳性,阳性率为66.1%,较正常对照者(55.6%)升高;其表达水平(1.01±0.13)显著高于正常对照(0.52±0.13,P<0.05),且GD患者高T3水平组PDCD5 mRNA的表达显著高于低T3水平组(P<0.05)。结论PDCD5 mRNA在GD患者PBMC表达升高,可能与GD淋巴细胞凋亡异常有关。     

克山病病区粮对大白鼠心肌细胞呼吸及某些酶活性的影响

1.本文叙述了心肌碎片丙酮酸脱氢酶系和心肌细胞呼吸测定法。2.克山病病区粮组大白鼠丙酮酸脱氢酶系活性明显低于加组硒和西安组。3.克山病病区粮组大白鼠心肌细胞耗氧量较加硒组减低。4.简述了硒在克山病发病学上的可能意义。     

尿酸水平对冠脉病变的预测

目的探讨尿酸水平在冠心病发病中的作用及其与冠脉病变的相关性。方法根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病(CHD)组(164例)和正常对照组(51例),比较两组间尿酸水平的差别及与CHD之间的关系。结果CHD组患者的尿酸水平明显高于正常对照组[(316.67±97.35)μmol/Lvs.(286.16±98.33)μmol/L,P<0.01]。随后进行多元Logistic回归分析,显示在调整了糖尿病、性别和纤维蛋白原(FIB)等因素的作用后,尿酸对回归方程的影响达不到统计学意义。亚组分析显示有高尿酸血症的糖尿病患者冠心病发病风险明显提高。结论高尿酸血症作为独立的冠心病危险因素尚缺乏充分证据,应用尿酸与血糖综合评估冠心病的发生风险可能有一定意义。     

分子吸附循环系统人工肝支持治疗重症肝炎患者血流动力学的变化

目的　探讨和评价分子吸附循环系统 (MARS)人工肝支持治疗对重症肝炎血流动力学的影响及其与治疗效果的关系。方法　应用MARS人工肝支持治疗重症肝炎 16例共 36次作为治疗组 ,对照组为 2 0例重症肝炎 ,采用综合治疗 ,两组年龄、性别及肝功能相匹配 ;观察单次治疗前后平均动脉压、心率的变化及与主要生化指征和预后的关系。结果　治疗组存活率较对照组明显提高 ,存活率分别为 6 2 .5 %和 37.5 % (P <0 .0 1) ,单次人工肝治疗前后总胆红素和结合胆红素明显下降 ,分别由 (5 36± 175 )和 (35 2± 113)下降为 (30 1± 10 5 )和 (16 2± 6 3) μmol·L-1,平均动脉压由 (72± 8)mmHg上升为 (81± 7)mmHg(P <0 .0 1) ,心率由 (10 6± 18)下降为 (86± 12 )次·min-1。结论　MARS人工肝能有效的清除有毒代谢物 ,改善血流动力学状况 ,预防或减轻肝肾综合征及肝性脑病